The characteristics of the integrated circuit industry are that the winners are all-inclusive, and giants like Intel can make profits of up to 60% during the peak period.
Then, what is the actual cost of a CPU that is relatively hundreds or thousands of dollars?
Chip hardware costThe cost of the chip includes the hardware cost of the chip and the design cost of the chip.
Chip hardware costs include wafer cost + mask cost + test cost + package cost (such as ARM design IC design company to pay ARM design and development costs and royalties for each chip, but I mainly describe the autonomous CPU and Intel here) The giants will save the cost of purchasing IP, and they will also remove those test package waste.
Expressed as:
Chip hardware cost = (wafer cost + test cost + package cost + mask cost) / final yield
Make a simple explanation of the above names to facilitate the understanding of the general public, and you can skip the knowledge.
From silicon dioxide to chips sold on the market, it is necessary to prepare industrial silicon, prepare electronic silicon, and then perform cutting and polishing to obtain wafers. A wafer is a raw material for manufacturing a chip, and the cost of the wafer can be understood as the cost of the material (wafer) used for each chip. Under normal circumstances, especially when the output is large enough and has independent intellectual property rights and is calculated in mass production of 100 million units, the cost of wafers is the highest. There are exceptions, however, in the next package cost.
The package is to stack the substrate, the core, and the heat sink together, which forms the CPU that is common to everyone. The packaging cost is the capital needed for this process. In the general case of large output, the cost of packaging generally accounts for 5%-25% of the hardware cost. However, some of IBM's chip packaging costs account for about half of the total cost. It is said that the highest has reached 70%...
The test can identify the key characteristics of each processor, such as the highest frequency, power consumption, heat, etc., and determine the processor level, such as a bunch of chips into: I5 4460, I5 4590, I5 4690, I5 4690K After that, Intel can open different prices according to different levels. However, if the chip yield is large enough, the test cost is negligible.
Mask cost is the cost of using different process technologies, such as 40/28nm process is very mature, and the cost is low - the mask cost of 40nm low-power process is 2 million US dollars; 28nm SOI process is 4 million US dollars The 28nm HKMG costs $6 million.
Lithography mask mask exposure
However, at the beginning of the advanced process technology, the cost was quite high – when the 14nm process first appeared in 2014, the mask cost was $300 million (with TSMC and Samsung mastering 14/16nm over time). The process, the current price should not be so expensive); and Intel is developing a 10nm process. According to Intel's official estimates, mask costs cost at least $1 billion. However, if the chip is mass-produced in billions of dollars (it seems that Apple's annual mobile phone + tablet shipments are hundreds of millions), even if the mask cost is as high as 1 billion US dollars, it will be distributed to each chip, and the cost will be 10 dollars. This, on the other hand, reflects why giants like Apple use TSMC, Samsung's most advanced and most expensive process technology, and still make a lot of money, which is why IC design has the characteristics of winners.
Costs required for lithography, etching, ion implantation, metal deposition, metal layers, interconnects, wafer testing and dicing, core packaging, grade testing, etc., as well as lithography, etching, and subtraction Depreciation costs of manufacturing equipment such as thin machines, dicing machines, loaders, wire bonders, and flip-chips are counted in test costs, package costs, and mask costs, so there is no need to calculate them separately.
Wafer
Wafer costSince the wafer is processed and cut into wafers, 100% utilization is not guaranteed, so there is a problem of yield, so the cost of the wafer is expressed by the formula:
Wafer cost = wafer cost / (number of wafers per wafer * wafer yield)
Since the wafer is circular and the wafer is rectangular, it will inevitably cause some scrap to be wasted. Therefore, the number of wafers that can be cut per wafer cannot be simply divided by the area of ​​the wafer by the area of ​​the wafer. Is to use the following formula:
Number of wafers per wafer = (area of ​​wafer / area of ​​wafer) - (the circumference of the wafer / the number of squares of (2 * wafer area))
The yield of the wafer is closely related to the process complexity and the number of defects per unit area. The yield of the wafer is expressed by the company as:
Wafer yield = (1 + B * wafer cost / A) (-A power)
A is the process complexity, for example, the complexity of a self-owned CPU-X using a 40nm low-power process is between 2 and 3;
B is the number of defects per unit area, and the defect value per unit area of ​​the self-CPU-X using the 40 nm process is between 0.4 and 0.6.
Assume that the autonomous CPU-X has a length of about 15.8 mm and a width of about 12.8 mm. (The aspect ratio is 37:30, and the aspect ratio of controlling a quad-core chip is not easy at this ratio.) The area is about 200 mm 2 (for It is convenient to calculate and remove the fraction). A 12-inch wafer has about 70,000 square millimeters, so a wafer can hold 299 independent CPU-X. In the formula of wafer yield, a=3, b=0.5 are brought into calculation, and the wafer yield is 49%, which means that a 12-inch wafer can produce 146 good chips, and a 12-inch wafer is priced at $4,000 and is distributed to each wafer at a cost of $28.
Chip hardware costingThere is no specific formula for the cost of packaging and testing. The price of the test is roughly proportional to the square of the number of pins. The cost of the package is roughly proportional to the power of the pin by the power consumption... If CPU-X The self-contained chip with a 40nm low-power process has a test cost of about $2 and a package cost of about $6.
The package form of the chip, the above two pictures are relatively old
Because the 40nm low-power process mask cost is 2 million US dollars, if the sales volume of the independent CPU-X reaches 100,000, the mask cost is 20 US dollars, the test cost = 2 US dollars, the package cost = 6 US dollars, the wafer cost = 28 dollars into the formula, the chip hardware cost = (20 + 2 + 6) / 0.49 + 28 = 85 US dollars
The hardware cost of the autonomous CPU-X is $85.
If the self-CPU-Y adopts the 28nm SOI process and the chip area is estimated to be 140 square millimeters, 495 CPUs can be cut. Due to the 28nm and 40nm processes, they are very mature technologies, and the cost of cutting is minimal, so the wafer price is very low. It can still be calculated at $40 million, and the wafer yield is also calculated at 49%. A 12-inch wafer can cut 242 wafers, each costing $16.
If the self-CPU-X yield is 100,000, the mask cost is 40 US dollars. According to the package test, which accounts for about 20% of the total cost of the chip and the wafer yield is 49%, the hardware cost of the chip is 122 US dollars.
If the production of the self-owned chip is 1 million, the mask cost is 4 US dollars, and the packaging test accounts for about 20% of the total cost of the chip. The final yield is 49%, and the hardware cost of the chip is 30 US dollars.
If the production of the self-owned chip is 10 million, the mask cost is 0.4 US dollars, and the package test accounts for about 20% of the total cost of the chip. The final yield is 49%, and the hardware cost of the chip is 21 US dollars.
Obviously, using the more advanced process technology will increase the cost of the chip hardware under the same output, but as long as the output is large enough, the original high cost can be evenly distributed, and the cost of the chip can be greatly reduced.
Chip pricingThe hardware cost is relatively clear, but the design cost is more complicated. This includes both the salary of engineers, the cost of development tools such as EDA, equipment costs, venue fees, etc... In addition, there is a large chunk of IP fees - if it is autonomous CPU to okay (autonomous micro The structure can be done without third-party IP. If it is an ARM camp IC design company, it needs a lot of outsourced IP. These IPs are expensive, so it is not very good to quantify the cost of design of various IC design companies at home and abroad. .
According to the international low-profit chip design company's pricing strategy 8:20 pricing method, that is, the hardware cost is 8, the price is 20, and the independent CPU-X is priced at 212 US dollars in the case of 100,000 pieces. . Don't think that this price is high, it is already very low. Intel's general pricing strategy is 8:35, and AMD has reached 8:50 in history...
In the case of a production of 100,000 pieces, the autonomous CPU-Y also adopts the 8:20 pricing method, which is priced at $305;
In the case of a production of 1 million, the autonomous CPU-Y also uses the 8:20 pricing method, which is priced at $75;
In the case of a production of 10 million, the autonomous CPU-Y also uses the 8:20 pricing method, which is priced at $52.5.
It can be seen that to reduce the cost/price of the CPU, the output is crucial, and this is the key to Intel and Apple's ability to adopt relatively expensive process technology and to obtain excess profits.
Basic knowledge in the field of semiconductor science
Give everyone the basic knowledge of the chip industry.
First of all, let's talk about the basic division of the chip industry, which can basically be divided into three modes:
I. FablessFabless Semiconductor Company (Fabless Semiconductor Company) is a company that only designs the circuit of a hardware chip and then designs it into a finished product by a foundry and sells the product. Due to the high cost of manufacturing semiconductor devices, the design and manufacturing of the integrated circuit industry are largely separated, allowing fabless semiconductors to focus their energy and costs on market research and circuit design. Companies specializing in foundry can simultaneously serve a number of fabless semiconductor companies, maximize the utilization of their production lines, and bet on capital and operations at expensive fabs. The concept of "fables semiconductor company - foundry model" was originally proposed by Bernie V. Vonderschmitt of Xilinx and Gordon A. Campbell of C&T. .
The benefits are obvious, the burden is very light, you can just design, you don't have to spend huge sums to build a fab and develop new processes, but the disadvantages are also very prominent: you have designed it, can you make it, even if it is made, it is a You can't be the master of what you look like, you have to look at the ability of the foundry partner. Of course, there are many lessons in this respect: TSMC's 40/28nm two-generation process was initially immature, and the production capacity was delayed, which dragged down the entire industry.
The GlobalFoundries 32nm process did not meet AMD's expectations. The frequency and voltage of the first-generation FX/APU processor were much worse than the design. The 28nm process has been blowing for so long until now, just forcing AMD to give up the entire generation of low-power. APU was consumed and had to be redesigned to find TSMC.
Second, IDM modeThat is the vertical integration mode. The semiconductor design and manufacturing model as opposed to the fabless-chip outsourcing foundry model is "Digital Design and Manufacture" (English: IDM, Integrated Design and Manufacture), that is, a company that handles all processes from design, manufacturing to sales. Strong operating capital is needed to support this business model, such as Intel and Samsung.
On the one hand, Samsung Electronics is a vertically integrated model that can manufacture chips designed by itself; on the other hand, it also plays the role of a foundry, and at the same time provides OEM services for processors designed by Apple for the iPhone and iPad.
Third, IP design modeThese companies are only responsible for designing circuits. Companies that are not responsible for manufacturing or sales are called IP core companies, such as ARM. Don't make or sell any chips, just design your own IP, including instruction set architecture, microprocessor, graphics core, interconnect architecture, and then whoever sells the license to whom. Customers with ARM IP can do what they want to do.
Well, after introducing these basic patterns, let's take a look at the current situation of several major manufacturers in the industry.
Intel: Chip ManufacturerFirst, the basic situation of the company
Intel Corporation Intel is the world's largest semiconductor company and the first company to introduce an x86 architecture processor. In the 1980s, Intel was the top ten semiconductor sales company in the world (10th in 1987), and after 1991, Intel did not change after reaching the first place. The next semiconductor companies include AMD, Samsung, Texas Instruments, Toshiba and STMicroelectronics.
Second, the business model
Chip design + manufacturing + sales
The design and manufacture of chips is a core strength of Intel. Intel covers the design, production, and finalization of the chip.
The current global semiconductor industry is mainly organized by four companies including TSMC, Intel, Samsung Electronics and GlobalFoundries. Among them, TSMC, Samsung and GlobalFoundries are pure-wafer foundries, which are only responsible for manufacturing chips for external customers, not for their own companies. Design, launch and self-sell chip products. Even though Samsung has built some customized chips for the company, most of the wafer business is still mainly for OEMs. However, Intel has different business models from the above three companies. For many years, Intel has built its own wafer factory, only for the production of its own designed microprocessors. It belongs to the integrated component manufacturing (IDM) semiconductor industry. It has not broken this practice until the past few years. , began to take orders from external customers.
ARM: Chip DesignerFirst, the company's basic situation
ARM became an independent processor company, developing low-cost, low-power, high-performance chips. The main product is the design of the ARM architecture processor, which is licensed to customers in the form of intellectual property, as well as software development tools. ARM does not manufacture chips by itself and licenses its intellectual property (IP core) to many of the world's leading semiconductor manufacturers, including Intel, IBM, LG Semiconductor, NEC, SONY, Philips, Atmel, Broadcom, Cirrus Logic, Freescale, Actions. Wait.
ARM is the biggest technology overlord in the era of mobile devices, replacing Intel's position in the PC era, and Intel repeatedly failed to attack ARM. However, ARM has adopted a business model that is completely different from Intel.
On July 18, 2016, Japan's Softbank agreed to acquire ARM in full cash for 24.3 billion pounds (about $30.9 billion).
Second, the business model
Designed only, completely decoupled from production (regardless of whether the product is produced, produced, produced, or sold)
ARM does not manufacture chips by itself, but licenses its own technology to other chip manufacturers, such as Qualcomm, Texas Instruments, NVIDIA, and so on. ARM is at the top of all semiconductor supply chains, selling microprocessor design blueprints to IC design companies, such as MediaTek; and then assisting MediaTek to develop microprocessors that meet their needs. It's like building a house. ARM sells a basic blueprint for a house. After the IC design company buys the blueprint, it can modify it according to its own needs. For example, how many rooms should be designed? How big is the restaurant and bathroom? â€
ARM sells the blueprint to the IC design company, collects the license fee, and waits until the IC design company sells the chip designed and produced according to the blueprint. After selling one chip, it pays the patent fee for each chip of ARM. , is calculated as a percentage of the price of each chip. This kind of business model makes ARM not need to invest billions of dollars to build a chip production plant, but to become a company that relies entirely on the mind to make a profit. This model is also very conducive to the construction of the ecological circle. Because of this, ARM can serve more than 800 contracted cooperation and license companies at the same time, and simultaneously carry out more than 1,000 chip development plans.
In the PC industry, fabless semiconductor companies are not uncommon (such as Nvidia and now AMD). The fabless semiconductor company carries out all the design of the chip, but the final production work will be delivered to the foundries (such as TSMC and Samsung). This kind of cooperation can save manufacturers a considerable part of the cost. But at the same time, it also means that the entire process is not entirely in your hands - the OEM will affect productivity, quality and time.
ARM goes farther in mode than without a wafer plant. ARM does not output any chips for the market; instead, it provides design IP (instruction set architecture, microprocessors, graphics processors...) and licenses to other vendors. ARM customers buy licenses for the IP they need and then use these designs to produce their own chips. The customer itself can be a fabless semiconductor company or a chip manufacturer. In addition to the licensing fee, ARM will also receive downstream royalties in the process used by the chip.
ARM offers customers three licenses: POP, processor and architecture license.
(1) POP: the most complete solution
The POP full name is a processor optimization package, which is an enhanced version based on the standard. If the customer does not have enough teams to integrate their design, then ARM can sell you a processor optimization solution, and then you can directly find the manufacturer with this optimization solution - ARM guarantees a certain degree of performance indicators.
(2) Processor License: Standard Edition Solution
Processor licenses only allow customers to use their designed CPU or GPU, which is equivalent to "standard." You can't change their design, but you can integrate the design you want on top of them. ARM also provides customers with a guide to integrate design, but the final design integration and physical integration still requires your own team to do it.
(3) Architecture license: framework only
If you are strong, you can just buy the ARM architecture/instruction set (ARMv7, ARMv8) and then study the design chip yourself. The architecture license is equivalent to a DIY package. ARM will give you one of its architectures (such as ARMv7, ARMv8). This allows you to make the changes you want based on the original architecture. Qualcomm Krait, Apple Swift is a typical representative. ARM has approximately 1,000 different licenses and 320 licensees/partners. Of the 320 licensors, only 15 have schema licenses.
ARM mode vs. Intel modeCompared with Intel, the giant in the PC field, ARM is very different. Intel built its own architecture, and then designed a series of chips according to different market positioning. Finally, the design will be produced by its own factory. Intel can be said to integrate all the processes in chip production. Of course, the workload is quite large, and it can also get a high return from the product.
After ARM was founded, it began to operate like an independent commercial company, but it has been difficult. In product development, ARM avoided the Intel CISC directive, which is popular in the computer field, and instead developed RISC-reduced instructions that were not favored by the market. At the same time, redefine the core of the product: low cost, low power consumption, and high efficiency.
Due to the lack of funds, ARM made a far-reaching decision: instead of making chips, it only licenses the design of the chip to other companies. The other party can add their own design DIY based on ARM technology. Come to production. It is this model that eventually led to the emergence of ARM chips everywhere, placing the closed-design Intel company in the vast ocean of the "People's War."
Under its open and licensed business model, almost all of the world's semiconductor giants have become ARM partners. When developing new products, these companies no longer need to spend a lot of time, energy and cost to design the chip architecture from scratch. Instead, they only need to look at ARM's chip roster, buy, and then add custom designs. ARM charges these customers an annual fee or a usage fee, and even the same technology can be charged repeatedly, and use the profits to study the next technology. This model of selling intellectual property rights makes ARM at the top of the industry value chain. Customers have nothing to do with ARM regardless of profit or loss, and he has been selling innovation there. Intel's opponents who want PK are not just ARM, but the entire "ARM Alliance" behind it.
Qualcomm: fabless + chip designerFirst, the company's basic situation
Qualcomm is a radiocommunication technology research and development company based in San Diego, California. Qualcomm has developed a digital cellular communication technology based on CDMA technology and is currently one of the top 20 semiconductor manufacturers in the world.
Qualcomm has developed and marketed CDMA handsets and CDMA base station equipment. In recent years, Qualcomm has sold its base station business and mobile phone R&D business to Ericsson and Kyocera, respectively, and is now primarily engaged in development, radio technology licensing and the sale of their application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
Second, the business model
Qualcomm is mainly composed of four business units: Qualcomm CDMA Technology (QCT), Qualcomm Technology Authorization (QTL), Qualcomm Wireless & Internet (QWI), Qualcomm Strategic Solutions (QSL), etc. Departments, technology licensing departments, wireless & Internet sector revenues in turn corresponded to 8.859 billion US dollars, 5.421 billion US dollars, 656 million US dollars, the three accounted for 59.2%, 36.2%, 4.4%, while the strategic program department is mainly business-related (Patent technology products, etc.) investment acquisition. As can be seen from the income, Qualcomm's CDMA technology department and technical licensing department (QTL) are the two core departments.
Qualcomm's CDMA technology division adopts a fabless semiconductor company model, which is primarily responsible for CDMA chip design, outsourcing production and sales. The Technology Authorization Department (QTL) adopts an ARM-like model and is only responsible for technology licensing and does not participate in product production.
Fables semiconductor company model: chip design + outsourcing production + sales
Qualcomm designs a variety of ARM-based CDMA, chips designed for mobile site modems (MSM series), baseband radio chips and power processing chips. These chipsets are sold to mobile phone manufacturers such as Kyocera, Motorola and HTC, and Samsung Electronics to integrate into CDMA phones.
Qualcomm customers are mainly wireless device manufacturers using chips, such as Apple, Samsung, HTC, Huawei, etc. Qualcomm said in its annual report that its current competitors are Broadcom, Freescale, Intel, Fujitsu, MediaTek, Spreadtrum, NVIDIA, etc. And some customers Ericsson, Samsung (some product chips are designed by themselves).
Qualcomm's outsourcing production adopts an “integrated fabless-free model†and has a closer relationship with outsourced manufacturers to avoid the problem of unstable outsourcing production supply. Qualcomm requires production-free design companies to work closely with EDA (Semiconductor Electronics Design Automation), foundries and packaging/testing companies to advance production and design integration with their respective technical expertise. Its main goal is for semiconductor development. A close technical interface is established between the parties to increase efficiency, reduce costs and shorten time to market. Such a close collaboration with virtual “alliance†allows fabless manufacturers to take advantage of the IDM model to compete directly with vendors such as Intel and Texas Instruments, and to make other links in the industry chain more risk-averse. More flexible, otherwise the maturity cycle of semiconductor products for 60 to 120 days will not be able to cope with the current fast-changing consumer market.
Qualcomm authorized mobile phone manufacturers can produce and market products in a variety of ways:
(1) They can purchase chips and software directly from Qualcomm;
(2) They can purchase chips from Qualcomm's professional integrated circuit licensees;
(3) They can design and manufacture chips themselves. In all three cases, authorized handset manufacturers can use Qualcomm's patents on their products under a patent license agreement with Qualcomm.
2. Technology license: only license, not involved in production
Qualcomm's patent licensing department has become the main source of Qualcomm's profit, with a gross margin of over 90%. In fiscal 2011, revenue accounted for 36.5%, but contributed 69.5% of Qualcomm's pre-tax profit. This is also the difference between selling products and selling standards. We know that the profit from selling products depends on the gross profit and market share of sales revenue minus production costs. The standard technical standard depends on how big you can target the market, the degree of market recognition, how many partners you can have, and then collect money. The chart below shows the sales trends of Qualcomm authorized equipment (including CDMA, OFDMA, and CDMA/OFDMA multimode terminals). Qualcomm can roughly obtain 3-5% of terminal equipment sales (the rate is unchanged during the agreement period).
The base of Qualcomm's patent license fee is not calculated according to the "chip fee", but is calculated according to the cost price of the whole mobile phone. This is an important mode that it implements globally, which means that Qualcomm may be on the one hand. It is possible to sell some products below the cost to get rid of the competitors, and on the other hand, it can still get a good profit, because the reduction in the price of the chip reflects the reduction in the cost price of the whole machine.
3. Participate in standard design
In order to expand the market for chips and technologies, Qualcomm is strongly involved in the development of technical standards. Qualcomm has put a lot of effort into it – Qualcomm is involved in setting open standards and sharing the results with everyone. Currently, the company has extensive participation and contributions in standards organizations responsible for proposing and improving UMTS/WCDMA and CDMA2000 standards (3GPP and 3GPP2, respectively). Qualcomm believes that its broad participation and contribution to standards is critical to maintaining the stability of technology and interoperability between handsets and system devices from different vendors—and critical to the success of standards, whether CDMA2000 or WCDMA.
AMD: Fabless Semiconductor CorporationFirst, the company's basic situation
In addition to Intel, AMD is the largest x86 architecture microprocessor supplier. Since the acquisition of ATI Technology, it has become the only independent graphics processor supplier except NVIDIA. Since then, it has become a central processor (CPU). Semiconductor companies with graphics processing unit (GPU) technology are also the only vendors that rival Intel and Nvidia.
AMD supplies a wide range of computers (including workstations, servers, personal computers and embedded systems) and integrated circuit products for the industrial and consumer electronics markets, including central processing units, graphics processors, flash memory, chipsets and others. Semiconductor technology.
Second, the business model
1. Initial mode: design your own chip + build your own factory to manufacture + sell products
Initially, AMD was a chip that had a fab to make its design.
2. Late mode: design your own chip + outsourcing production + sales products
In 2009, AMD split its own fab into today's GlobalFoundries, becoming a fabless semiconductor company. GlobalFoundries took over the production of processor chips, and TSMC produced graphics processors. AMD is only responsible for hardware IC design and product sales.
Nvidia: fabless semiconductor companyFirst, the company's basic situation
Nvidia is a semiconductor company focused on designing graphics processors. NVIDIA and AMD currently supply most of the discrete graphics cards on the market.
Second, the business model
Main mode: design your own chip + outsourcing production + sales products
(1) Chip: self-design, outsourcing production
NVIDIA develops chips in its own lab, but subcontracts the chip manufacturing process to other vendors.
(2) Terminal products: design some products by themselves, outsource production, and give them to other brands for OEM sales.
On the final product (referring to graphics cards, motherboards, etc.), NVIDIA will launch a so-called original "Reference" product (called a reference card or reference template) for display and testing, outsourced to other attempts to OEM or design. In the retail market, NVIDIA will OEM the top-grade "original" public version products to various third-party manufacturers. The products used by these manufacturers are identical in design and are manufactured by one manufacturer.
2. New attempts: only technology license, no chip design, no manufacturing and sales of chips
NVIDIA has adopted a new business model that licenses graphics technology to other companies. Because selling chips alone cannot serve the smartphone and tablet markets. The reason is that some customers (such as Apple and Samsung) don't like to buy chips because they like to create their own chips, and they have the production capacity, creativity and scale needed to design and produce chips. NVIDIA will try to license its graphics technology to Apple and Samsung.
MTK: fablessFirst, the company's basic situation
MediaTek Inc., referred to as MediaTek, is often referred to as MTK in mainland China or on the Internet. It was established in 1997. The head office is located in Hsinchu Science and Technology Park, Taiwan. It is a Fabless IC design company. Drive chip-based, followed by the development of mobile phones and digital TV and wearable device solutions chips.
Second, the business model
Main mode: designing a complete system of chips + outsourcing production + sales products
Compared to Intel's key components, MediaTek offers a total solution that provides a Turn-key solution (providing most of the phone's internal components in a single package). MediaTek has done what it was supposed to do for mobile phone manufacturers to help customers do a good job, significantly reducing the R&D technology threshold of mobile phone companies, and creating huge Chinese local brands and cottage phones. In this way, to improve development efficiency, mobile phone chip development and system design are carried out simultaneously within MTK, which is more efficient; secondly, to help mobile phone manufacturers save development costs, mobile phone manufacturers do not have to develop their own designs. MediaTek is more like a vertically integrated systems company, not just a chip company.
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