After 2007, the United States and the European Union had successively experienced subprime mortgage crisis and European debt crisis. The outbreak of the crisis and the subsequent weak recovery of the economy have led developed countries such as Europe and the United States to deeply realize the serious consequences of hollowing out manufacturing and virtualizing the economy. In order to emerge from the crisis, they invariably pin their hopes on a new round of scientific and technological revolution that is rapidly developing. Germany launched “Industry 4.0†and the United States launched “Industrial Internetâ€. It hopes to use information technology represented by “bigness, wisdom, cloud, and migration†and new materials represented by graphene, represented by renewable energy. Breakthroughs and applications of new energy, new manufacturing technologies such as 3D printing and other new technologies, transformation of traditional production models, creation of new business units, and creation of new leading industries, thereby revitalizing the manufacturing industry and occupying the global commanding height of future manufacturing . Recalling the history of world economic development, each round of the industrial revolution has a profound impact on the comparative advantages and competitive advantages of countries, the international division of labor model and the corresponding international production system, and the distribution of global value chains; at the same time, every industrial revolution has To provide a rare “second chance window†that can truly achieve economic and technological catch-up. 1 In order to seize the opportunity brought by the new industrial revolution, China has successively promulgated the "Made in China 2025" and the "Outline of the National Innovation-Driven Development Strategy", proposing that by 2030, it will be among the front ranks of innovative countries, with major industries entering the global value chain. High-end magnificent goal. The new industrial revolution has been gradually approaching, in-depth analysis of the connotation features of the current industrial revolution, and analysis of its subversive changes in the mode of production, production organization, business model, etc., and the subsequent restructuring of the global value chain. This round of the important "opportunity window" of the industrial revolution and the promotion of the status of the global value chain are of great significance.
I. The connotation and characteristics of the new industrial revolution (I) The connotation of the new industrial revolution <br> The new round of scientific and technological revolution that is currently emerging has a different name from that of industrial change. American scholar Miri Rifkin called it the third industrial revolution, arguing that it was an industrial revolution marked by the "Internet of Energy" generated by the combination of Internet technology and the renewable energy revolution; the founder of the World Economic Forum, Klaus Schwab called it the fourth industrial revolution and believed that its core is the digitization of the manufacturing industry centered on robots, 3D printers, and new materials. The G20 Hangzhou Summit put forward the concept of a new industrial revolution. The German “Industry 4.0†is actually the fourth industrial revolution in the German context. Although there are differences in formulation and differences in understanding of connotation, the mainstream views all agree that the new industrial revolution and industrial revolution are based on big data, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, mobile internet, 3D printing, industrial robots and other modern technologies. , Breakthrough innovation and large-scale industrialization of modern manufacturing technologies and manufacturing systems featuring digitalization, networking, and intelligence. 2 for the convenience of expression, this article will be collectively referred to as the "new industrial revolution."
(II) Economic and technical characteristics of the new industrial revolution <br> Research by the British evolution economist Perez (1983) shows that “every technological revolution will form a technical and economic paradigm compatible with itâ€. 3 Looking at the leading countries of the new industrial revolution, the impact of the new industrial revolution on production mode, business model, production organization form, business form, etc. has begun to take shape, showing many new features.
1. Production intelligence, personalization, and full life cycle.
First of all, the production process is intelligent. The smart factory installs micro-chips on each part to be machined, installs sensors and cameras on the machine equipment, realizes the dialogue between the parts to be processed and factory machinery and equipment, determines the production system, operates independently, records it by itself, and uploads it to production. All data generated by the process, self-analysis of data and optimization of the production process. Second, the production of personalized. Because of the high connectivity and low cost of the Internet, merchants can pay attention to the needs of “social niches†at a low cost, and the total demand generated by the “long-tailed†end of “social niche†may even exceed that of “social massesâ€. . Chris Anderson believes that the Internet age is the era of "long tail". More importantly, modular production and 3D printing have effectively solved the contradiction between the production cost and the production cycle of small batch and multi-variety production. The personalized market of users has become the next niche market for merchants. Again, the entire life cycle of the manufacturing system. As user needs continue to change, the product life cycle becomes shorter. Traditional production systems have a large investment, long production time, and lack of flexibility in production scale. The reconfigurable production system on which the new manufacturing system relies is based on the LEGO modular assembly principle to modularize the production system. By adding or replacing "module" reorganization to a modular production line, it is possible to achieve full life cycle product production and greatly increase production flexibility.
2. The production organization is flattened, platformized, and decentralized.
First, corporate organizations are flattened. In order to speed up the response of users, the traditional pyramid-level production organization will be replaced by a flexible, flat organization. Flat organizational form helps to reduce the level of management organization, so that organizations communicate and make decisions faster. Second, corporate organizations are platformed and virtualized. In the Internet era, due to the high connectivity of the Internet and the unlimited decrease of costs, a large number of powerful brand enterprises have turned to platform operations and achieved rapid development. Upstream and downstream of the industrial chain are clustered in parallel on the Internet platform, and the user-centered integration of production processes integrates technology, information, and value in a digital manner, which not only improves transmission efficiency but also reduces transaction costs. The platform provides users with the possibility of independent design and independent production. The platform attracts suppliers from all over the world and brings together small and medium-sized enterprises and individuals with strong innovation capabilities in vertical specialization. Innovation will spread rapidly through the Internet platform. The project management capabilities and technology integration capabilities of large companies will be the future business competition. The key to power. Finally, local production is sold locally, and the decentralization of production organizations is becoming a trend. With the deepening of the integration of production intelligence and the Internet, companies will be distributed around the user as a scattered point, 4 respond to user demands and complete production in the fastest speed, and ultimately achieve a win-win situation between consumers and manufacturers. .
3. The business model has undergone profound changes.
First of all, the innovation model is socialized. In the traditional business model, consumers are seen as the "markets" for the purchase and consumption of products created by producers; in the new model, consumers become an important source of product innovation, and consumers become producers. One study estimated that as product innovators, consumers in the United States and Japan accounted for 33% and 13% of spending on consumer product R&D. The "open innovation" created by the enterprise platformization is becoming increasingly popular, and new business models such as crowdsourcing, crowdsourcing and crowdfunding have emerged. Second, the service manufacturing industry. The development of big data and cloud computing enables information to be tapped at a low cost. Manufacturing companies focus on products, use advanced information technologies to continuously extend and integrate services, and provide users with product-based package solutions for services and manufacturing. Increasingly fused.
Second, the new industrial revolution triggered the reconstruction of the global value chain (A) the new industrial revolution triggered restructuring of the industrial chain <br> Under the new industrial revolution, the subversive changes in the mode of production, business model and industrial organization will inevitably lead to heavy industrial chain Structure. The reconstruction of the industrial chain includes the integration, decomposition and disappearance of the industrial chain. In order to truly realize "user-centered", future sales will evolve into a public interaction platform. The public platform directly connects users, establishes connections with users, and continuously interacts, listens directly to the user's voice, and feels the user's experience. Users share their experiences here to help solve problems. The interactive platform will integrate the sales links, after-sales services, market research, and even advertisement links of the traditional industry chain. It will even break down some new industrial chains. For example, Haier Xiaowei “Raytheon†used “crowdfunding†and “creative venture†methods to provide customized financing. 5 R&D and design can be completed either by cooperation between users and vendors, or by industrial chain decomposition, and through open innovation, using “crowdsourcing†and “crowd designâ€. The core companies in the manufacturing sector rely mainly on their outstanding technology integration capabilities and project management capabilities to integrate platform resources, and operations may become increasingly virtual. The service-oriented manufacturing industry will deeply integrate manufacturing and service industries. In addition, some industrial chains are about to weaken or even disappear, because users can directly connect with manufacturers through channel vendors, and can experience the design and manufacturing process of products throughout the entire process. The price will be transparent, and channel providers and middlemen will soon disappear. Users believe that "the best for themselves is the best," and the advertising industry is also facing a transformation. Intelligent production makes the labor force no longer a decisive factor for site selection. In the future, the production layout will be “locally produced and sold on the spot†at the place of consumption, and thus the dependence on logistics will also be greatly reduced.
(II) Restructuring the industrial chain triggers changes in value-added (value chain reconstruction)
1. Intelligent production increases the added value of the manufacturing process in the central region.
The traditional global value chain presents a “smile curve†with high added value in the R&D and marketing links at both ends, and low added value in the middle of the manufacturing process. The new industrial revolution has changed the value-added distribution of each link in the value chain through the reconstruction of the industrial chain, so that the bottom of the “smile curve†has been lifted as a whole. The increase in added value in the manufacturing sector was primarily due to the substantial increase in the price/performance ratio of products brought by smart manufacturing. The modern production based on intelligence, customization, and the whole life cycle will save money, save labor, save time, and save energy. The production line with self-test function will minimize or even eliminate defective products. Using 3D printing technology, not only can reduce the interface, but also can overcome the limitations of the traditional processing technology and perform complex enhancement operations inside the three-dimensional object. Secondly, under the reconstruction of the industrial chain, the integration of manufacturing and creation, and the integration of manufacturing and service industries will all increase the added value of the manufacturing sector. Under the intelligent manufacturing system, design, development and manufacturing can be synchronized and manufacturing is created. 6 Enterprises are no longer limited to providing simple products to users, but also provide product-based package solutions. Intelligent production has changed the simple production line operations in the past, through high-level knowledge and technology, so as to grasp the decision-making power of the production process, thereby enhancing the value curve of the manufacturing process and realizing the mid-stage upgrade of the “smile curveâ€.
2. R&D and design will continue to maintain high added value.
With the proliferation of 3D printing, computer aided devices and the development of network platforms, R&D and design are gradually moving toward homes and individuals. Affluent enthusiasts, enthusiasts and part-timers from around the world are participating in the crowdsourcing and design of new products and technologies. Compared with traditional professional scientific researchers, they only use their spare time to share their surpluses, and they hardly increase their labor costs. Those core enterprises in the industrial chain can still obtain higher added value through the integration of innovation through the formulation of industry standards and rules.
3. The sales cycle will evolve into a public interaction platform and a source of added value.
The public interaction platform integrates sales of traditional industrial chains, market research, customer relationship management, after-sales services, advertisements, and even R&D design functions. The needs of users are the starting point and the end point of business operations. The value of users is the value of the company, and only users are realized. The best experience will be the realization of corporate value. This link is the source of added value.
To sum up, under the new industrial revolution, the “smile curve†that represents the added value of the various aspects of the industrial value chain shows a trend of constant leveling.
(3) Changes in the value-added chain value-added distribution lead to the adjustment of the international division of labor structure Kaplinsky (2004) pointed out that the benefits of participating in the global value chain are essentially derived from the ability to protect themselves from direct market competition, ie to obtain “economic rentâ€. All participating countries and enterprises of globalization are in the “governance†of “global value chainsâ€, and the goal of governance of “global value chains†is to obtain “rents†in various forms, not just seeking production. The return of factor input. Whoever occupies the core link of the value chain will control the wealth flow of the entire value chain in the future. 7 Changes in the value-added of all aspects of the industry chain will inevitably lead to the adjustment of government policies of various countries and changes in business strategies. The structure of international division of labor will be adjusted soon.
1. The manufacturing industry in developed countries returns.
In the era of smart manufacturing, the manufacturing industry has further demonstrated its strategic position in the national economy. Developed countries have stepped up the reflow of manufacturing industries. Japan has set up a special economic zone to create an optimal business environment. The purpose is to attract overseas Japanese companies to return. In recent years, well-known Japanese companies such as Panasonic, Sharp, Daikin, and Canon have all withdrawn. Trump made it clear in his State of the Union address that "we must ensure that the next revolution in manufacturing is made in the United States." Major international big-name U.S.-funded enterprises have responded in high-profile manner, and Ford, Google, Starbucks, and Apple have issued plans for their relocation.
2. The core of industrial competition has shifted to the back end of the industry chain, namely user-oriented.
The focus of traditional industry competition is on the front end of the industrial chain, which reduces production costs through technological advancement and economies of scale. The current intelligent and digital production has solved the contradiction between production costs and production cycles for multi-variety and small-batch production. Who can quickly discover user needs and provide the best user experience, and whoever will have the future. The realization of user value is the realization of corporate value.
3. Competition among industrial ecosystems has become the mainstream of the international competition paradigm.
In the digital business context, users have greater choices, and the competition between enterprises in the future is essentially the competition of user choices. This requires that the pace of business change must keep up with the speed with which the user clicks the mouse. In the past, pyramidal hierarchical organizational forms have become outdated. Enterprises must continue to break the boundaries and open up, and establish an “end-to-end†effective interface with users, suppliers, and R&D institutions through the Internet platform. Those industrial ecosystems dominated by companies that possess core technologies, brand advantages, and strong technology integration capabilities naturally have the ability to converge and integrate the best resources from the world, and have the most effective advantages to meet the individual needs of users. With the new pattern of international division of labor, enterprises will shift from being competitive in the past to gaining competitive advantage through the industrial ecosystem.
III. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES TO ENHANCE THE STATUS OF GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL VALUE CHAIN ​​IN CHINA <br> Since the reform and opening up, especially since China’s accession to the WTO, the degree to which Chinese manufacturing companies have integrated into global value chains has continued to deepen, and their status in the global value chain is also rising. On the whole, China's manufacturing industry is still at the low end of the global value chain. The profitability of export products is slim, and many advanced raw materials, key parts and components and major equipment still need to be imported. The reorganization of the global industrial value chain by the new industrial revolution will present both challenges and opportunities for China to promote the division of labor status in the global value chain and promote greater and greater manufacturing industry.
(I) Challenges to the upgrading of China's global value chain 1. The overall level of the manufacturing industry is not high, and regional differences are large.
At present, developed countries such as the United States and Germany have entered a new phase of industrial 4.0 represented by smart manufacturing, and are now achieving a deep integration of information technology and manufacturing technology. The development of information technology in China's manufacturing industry is not only low in overall level, but also varies widely. The eastern part is in the industry represented by the information age 3.0, while the vast central and western regions are still in the 2.0, 3.0 stage of industrialization represented by electrification and automation, and there are even some enterprises still in the mechanized industry 1.0 stage.
2. Insufficient R&D investment and weak independent innovation capability.
The core issue that restricts China's technological innovation is insufficient investment. According to statistics, China's manufacturing R&D investment accounted for only 1.1% of sales revenue in 2008-2013, while the United States, Japan, and Germany accounted for 4%, 3.4%, and 2.3%, respectively. In the high-tech industry, the ratios of the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Japan reached 73.3%, 62.8%, 58.7%, and 41.2%, respectively, compared with 26.3% in China. 8
3. Insufficient leading companies with strong technical strength and strong brand influence.
At present, China has become the world's largest manufacturing country. Huawei, CRRC, Gree, Haier, BYD and other companies have gained global reputation. However, compared with China's largest manufacturing country, the total amount is still insufficient. Brand building is still a weakness in the development of the industry. Of the 2016 world top 500 brands released by the World Brand Lab, China has only 36 seats. In the 2016 Hurun Brand List, none of the top ten most valuable Chinese brands came from the manufacturing industry. 9
4. China's talent cultivation mechanism based on disciplines has been difficult to adapt to smart manufacturing talent requirements.
In the future, smart manufacturing requires a large number of composite engineers and designers who understand the economy, understand the production design process, and at the same time can program software, especially entrepreneurs with broad vision and innovation, and great country artisans who are step by step and strive for excellence. The current education system is out of touch with the actual needs.
5. The development of public infrastructure such as the Internet, common technologies, and industrial databases is lagging behind.
At present, China's broadband fiber penetration rate is not high, and tariffs remain high. In particular, the “digital divide†in urban and rural areas and in the central and western regions still exists. Insufficient general technology research and weak promotion efforts, and lack of supporting resources such as public databases still restrict the rapid development of SMEs.
(II) Opportunities Contained in the Upgrading of China's Global Value Chains <br> Upgrading the industry's global value chain not only needs to realize the high-end of the domestic value chain, but also raises the status in the industrial value chain relative to developed countries such as Europe and the United States. Under the new industrial revolution, China has many unique conditions and opportunities.
1. The industrial system with the most complete industrial categories in the world is a strong support for Chinese companies to build an efficient and complementary industrial ecosystem.
China has the world's most complete industrial system of industrial categories, ranging from small matches to large aircraft carrier aircraft that can be produced in China. In the many regions represented by the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, perfect industrial clusters have been formed, and the raw materials and parts needed for product production can be purchased within dozens of kilometers. A complete industrial system is a powerful support for the construction of an integrated industrial ecosystem with complementary advantages. 10 Relying on a sound industrial supporting system, Chinese manufacturing companies can quickly commercialize new products and gain advantages in the cost of supply chains. This is difficult for companies in other countries to compare. Mate7 is the third generation of Huawei's Mate series, and Huawei's first hot-selling mobile phone, which has made tremendous contributions to Huawei's opening of the high-end market. To improve grip, Huawei designed aerospace aluminum metal fuselage. However, Huawei has been searching for a national metal processing factory. However, there is no one process that can achieve the required quality rate of Huawei. Later, Huawei found BYD with a large number of automotive stamping equipment, this seems ridiculous, but BYD with its deep experience in the automotive metal stamping, successfully achieved a technological breakthrough and become Huawei mobile phone metal shell suppliers. Then, based on this technology, BYD has become the main supplier of Samsung's mobile phone metal shell. A complete and complementary industrial ecosystem helps enterprises within the system to develop full horizontal and vertical collaboration, promote strong and powerful cooperation of superior enterprises, and achieve technological catch-up.
2. The huge domestic demand market is China's unique advantage in achieving economic catch-up.
The big market can support the industrialization of new technologies and the formation of new standards. Zhou Huaifeng (2008) summarized the impact of domestic demand on innovation. First, the pre-emptive demand rooted in domestic users can reduce the uncertainty of innovation. Second, the huge domestic demand market is conducive to economies of scale, rapidly reducing costs, creating a positive interaction between innovation and the market, and helping new products and new industries to grow rapidly. For emerging technologies whose dominant design has not yet been established and whose technical standards have not yet been established, the large market can provide sufficient user and procurement scale for domestic technologies and standards, promote the formation of domestic standards or at least hold the right to speak in the formulation of international standards. For example, the reason why TD-SCDMA, the Chinese standard, has been included as one of the three major 3G standards by International Electrotechnical Co., is largely because China has gained the right to speak with huge market demand. After analyzing the history of the rise of the United States in the early days of the second industrial revolution, Jia Genliang pointed out that for large developing countries in the catch-up phase: the market is more important than technology; this is a near-perfect interpretation of the high-speed rail industry in China. Relying on the huge market – forcing the high-speed rail giants (Siemens, Bombardier Canada, Alstom, France, and Japan’s Shinkansen) to transfer technology – to achieve rapid industrialization – to continuously enhance their ability to innovate on the basis of absorption and digestion – to enter the international advanced technology system To achieve a perfect lead. At present, many electronic optical technologies in China's mobile phone industry chain also benefit from the rapid increase in China’s huge mobile phone market, such as BOE's panel technology. Since the acquisition of a backward production line in South Korea in 2003, BOE has been through more than 10 years.†Burning money and running have finally become the industry's technology leader behind South Korea's Samsung. According to the global international patent application issued by the World Intellectual Property Organization, BOE ranks eighth in the world in 2016. In these more than ten years, various funds including government funds dared to continue to invest (approximately 120 billion yuan), which was largely due to the continuing huge demand for panels in China.
3. The world's most advanced Internet application market has opened up a fast-track channel for Chinese people to embrace the Internet and move toward innovation.
According to a survey conducted by McKinsey, in 2013 China’s Internet economy accounted for 4.4% of the national economy, which surpassed many developed countries including the United States and Germany. According to the “The Queen of the Internet Reportâ€, the top 20 internet companies in the world are ranked by 7 companies, among which Tencent, Ali and Baidu are among the top ten. Chinese Internet companies have formed new capabilities in supporting the development of their start-up business, and these new capabilities represent the latest direction in the development of information technology. For example, Alibaba has developed powerful big data, cloud computing, and internet finance technologies to support “double 11†instant mass transactions. In the cloud computing market, Ali and Amazon and Microsoft Azure have formed a “3A†pattern. Technology such as big data and cloud computing can not only be applied to the fields of commerce and service industries, but also has a broad application space in the manufacturing industry. There is no barrier to technology transfer between industries. For example, GCL-Poly and Alibaba Cloud's ET industrial brains have jointly promoted big data algorithms in the polysilicon section, analyzed all aspects of data collected in the production process, identified the most critical variables affecting the yield rate, and made effective improvements. Yields increase by 1%, saving tens of millions of dollars annually. ? China's industrial system is complete, the market is huge, will provide a variety of applications for the next generation of information technology such as the Internet, big data, industrial clouds, support innovation to induce more gene mutations.
4. The increasingly “human resource†effect, which is becoming increasingly prominent, is an accelerator for China’s economic transformation and industrial upgrading.
Zhu Xixian, who put forward the theory of “three-dimensional strategy of CPPS man-machine network†and “six-dimensional intelligent factoryâ€, through systematic research on industry 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, found that the key to the three industrial revolutions was talent shortage and talent management. Inspired by human nature, the human-centered main line runs through the first three industrial revolutions. With the constant development of China's politics, economy, and science and technology, the "talent-deafening" effect is becoming increasingly prominent. As of the end of 2016, the total number of Chinese returnees reached 265 million, of which 430,000 returned in 2016 and 70% returned in the past five years. The percentage of returned students from studies has increased from 72.38% in 2012 to 82.23% in 2016. Among them, the Central “Thousand Talents Program†has introduced more than 6,000 overseas high-level talents, and has introduced 53.09 million high-level overseas talents; Provide high-level talent guarantee for China's economic transformation and industrial upgrading. CCTV Financial’s “China Core†Power reported that China Microelectronics has achieved the technological breakthrough of the world’s most advanced level on the chip etching machine. The thirty-odd original sponsors, including Chairman Yin Zhijun, are senior engineers with experience in semiconductor equipment R&D and manufacturing from Intel, Applied Materials, Colin and other international giants for 20-30 years. The overseas high-end talents returning from their studies and returning to the country to provide advice and suggestions for technological oversight is an important way for China to break the foreign technology blockade and break through the bottleneck of key technologies.
5. The new "national system" is China's unique technological superiority.
Looking back at the history of the development of the world’s industrial powers, no backward country has developed a strong industry without relying on the support and protection of the government. Many industries, especially the strategic industries related to the national economy and the people's livelihood, have large investments and long payback periods. If they rely entirely on the strength of the market, after the developed countries develop products, they also suffer from low technological level, unstable product quality, and low brand influence. The reason is unable to compete with the enterprises in the starting country. The government's support will not only make up for the lack of industrial R&D investment, but more importantly, it will enable the naive industry to obtain sufficient markets and improve the technology and quality of the products through continuous iteration, so as to gradually reach the level that can participate in international competition. China's high-speed rail, China's nuclear power, Beidou navigation, quantum communications, aerospace and other global breakthroughs in the world are enough to prove that China's "universal system" has a unique advantage. In the future, in some important areas and key technologies, we must take advantage of the "national system" according to local conditions and concentrate on "each defeat."
In addition, China, as a latecomer economy, has less investment in deposits and lower conversion costs in the old system, and is less subject to the lock-in effect of the old paradigm. If sufficient attention is paid and responses are properly implemented, it is entirely possible to enter the new technology system at a faster rate and achieve leapfrogging. Development.
IV. Countermeasures for the Promotion of China's Global Value Chain under the New Industrial Revolution <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> For the new industrial revolution, successful companies can integrate the best resources at home and abroad through the platform, through intelligent, digital, and personalized production, with zero inventory. , Zero-defect, high-performance, and low-cost methods provide users with "tailor-made" products and services to enter the high-end segment of the value chain. However, enterprises that have failed to make the transition will face not only the low-end issues of the value chain for a long time, but also the issue of corporate life and death. China must seize this rare opportunity to complement its weaknesses, make full use of the "window of opportunity" brought about by the new industrial revolution, step up the implementation of innovation-driven efforts, and strive to achieve the "2030 goal of entering the high-end global value chain," the grand goal.
(I) Accelerating the intelligent upgrade of manufacturing industries <br> The developed countries have obvious advantages in the front-end of the industrial chain such as R&D design, standards and rulemaking, and the back-end of the industrial chain such as brand influence and platform agglomeration capability, but in the industrial chain Smart manufacturing has only just begun in recent years, and almost all countries are still on the same starting line. China should rely on large enterprises, actively promote the construction of "smart manufacturing demonstration projects", build brands, set benchmarks, and take measures to accelerate the construction of modern smart factories and promote the promotion and application of advanced and applicable technologies.
(II) Enlarging efforts to build leading enterprises <br> Under the new industrial revolution, the competition among industrial ecosystems has become the main paradigm of international competition. China must focus on cultivating a group of “chain master†companies with strong technical strength, strong brand influence, and leading industrial value chains. The first is to increase research investment and vigorously develop new generations of strategic emerging industries such as information technology, integrated circuits, artificial intelligence, new energy, and new materials. We will make full use of China's unique advantages in the domestic market to accelerate the industrialization of new energy and new technologies and take the lead in entering the advanced technology system through industrialization. For key technologies that have not been broken for a long time in the industry, we should give full play to China's "nationwide system" advantage and defeat each one. Second, the traditional industries must vigorously promote the spirit of artisans and further refine, do fine, do absolutely, and thoroughly in their original professional fields. The third is to strengthen the establishment of the intellectual property system, strengthen brand awareness, fight for brand competition, and fight for the right to speak.
(C) to promote the rapid development of SMEs <br> The efficiency of the industrial ecosystem depends not only on the leading company's technical strength and brand influence, but also closely related to the number and quality of SMEs in the vertical division of labor in the system. China must accelerate the building of complementary systems: First, industrial policies should shift from "selective industrial policies that support" to general industrial policies that "enhance corporate operating environment." The second is to improve the protection of intellectual property rights from a loose intellectual property protection system that is conducive to imitation and absorption to a strict intellectual property protection system that will stimulate innovation. The third is to speed up the construction of public technology service system. Accelerate the construction of national technological innovation centers and smart manufacturing demonstration projects, accelerate the promotion and application of advanced manufacturing technologies, standards, and industrial software to small and medium-sized enterprises; accelerate the construction of technological infrastructure such as public inspection and inspection platforms, and the construction of a new generation of information infrastructure. Accelerate the reform of the vocational education system and nurture and expand skilled and knowledge-based workforce.
(IV) Cultivating the "chain master" of the regional value chain
Most companies in China currently do not have the ability to dominate the global value chain, but it does not affect the advantage in a particular region. Countries along the “One Belt and One Road†countries are quite different from China in terms of economic development level and industrial structure. We must seize opportunities to deepen the cooperation between supply chains and value chains by expanding the scale of investment in countries and regions along the route, and actively nurture cooperation. The “chain owner†of the regional value chain with the ability to integrate the entire industry gradually improves its position in the global value chain.
V. Conclusion Under the new industrial revolution, the new generation of information technology, manufacturing technology, and new materials will have a disruptive impact on traditional production models, business models, and organizational models, and global industrial value chains will be restructured. This paper puts forward that China should adapt to the technical characteristics of the new industrial revolution and the trend of reconstructing the global industrial value chain, make full use of China's advantageous conditions, accelerate the construction of intelligent manufacturing, improve the construction of industrial ecosystem, and upgrade the status of the global industrial value chain. In fact, the new production model and business model must be truly grounded, and the management model must be innovated. This will be a major issue that the theoretical and business communities must face together in the future.
I. The connotation and characteristics of the new industrial revolution (I) The connotation of the new industrial revolution <br> The new round of scientific and technological revolution that is currently emerging has a different name from that of industrial change. American scholar Miri Rifkin called it the third industrial revolution, arguing that it was an industrial revolution marked by the "Internet of Energy" generated by the combination of Internet technology and the renewable energy revolution; the founder of the World Economic Forum, Klaus Schwab called it the fourth industrial revolution and believed that its core is the digitization of the manufacturing industry centered on robots, 3D printers, and new materials. The G20 Hangzhou Summit put forward the concept of a new industrial revolution. The German “Industry 4.0†is actually the fourth industrial revolution in the German context. Although there are differences in formulation and differences in understanding of connotation, the mainstream views all agree that the new industrial revolution and industrial revolution are based on big data, artificial intelligence, cloud computing, mobile internet, 3D printing, industrial robots and other modern technologies. , Breakthrough innovation and large-scale industrialization of modern manufacturing technologies and manufacturing systems featuring digitalization, networking, and intelligence. 2 for the convenience of expression, this article will be collectively referred to as the "new industrial revolution."
(II) Economic and technical characteristics of the new industrial revolution <br> Research by the British evolution economist Perez (1983) shows that “every technological revolution will form a technical and economic paradigm compatible with itâ€. 3 Looking at the leading countries of the new industrial revolution, the impact of the new industrial revolution on production mode, business model, production organization form, business form, etc. has begun to take shape, showing many new features.
1. Production intelligence, personalization, and full life cycle.
First of all, the production process is intelligent. The smart factory installs micro-chips on each part to be machined, installs sensors and cameras on the machine equipment, realizes the dialogue between the parts to be processed and factory machinery and equipment, determines the production system, operates independently, records it by itself, and uploads it to production. All data generated by the process, self-analysis of data and optimization of the production process. Second, the production of personalized. Because of the high connectivity and low cost of the Internet, merchants can pay attention to the needs of “social niches†at a low cost, and the total demand generated by the “long-tailed†end of “social niche†may even exceed that of “social massesâ€. . Chris Anderson believes that the Internet age is the era of "long tail". More importantly, modular production and 3D printing have effectively solved the contradiction between the production cost and the production cycle of small batch and multi-variety production. The personalized market of users has become the next niche market for merchants. Again, the entire life cycle of the manufacturing system. As user needs continue to change, the product life cycle becomes shorter. Traditional production systems have a large investment, long production time, and lack of flexibility in production scale. The reconfigurable production system on which the new manufacturing system relies is based on the LEGO modular assembly principle to modularize the production system. By adding or replacing "module" reorganization to a modular production line, it is possible to achieve full life cycle product production and greatly increase production flexibility.
2. The production organization is flattened, platformized, and decentralized.
First, corporate organizations are flattened. In order to speed up the response of users, the traditional pyramid-level production organization will be replaced by a flexible, flat organization. Flat organizational form helps to reduce the level of management organization, so that organizations communicate and make decisions faster. Second, corporate organizations are platformed and virtualized. In the Internet era, due to the high connectivity of the Internet and the unlimited decrease of costs, a large number of powerful brand enterprises have turned to platform operations and achieved rapid development. Upstream and downstream of the industrial chain are clustered in parallel on the Internet platform, and the user-centered integration of production processes integrates technology, information, and value in a digital manner, which not only improves transmission efficiency but also reduces transaction costs. The platform provides users with the possibility of independent design and independent production. The platform attracts suppliers from all over the world and brings together small and medium-sized enterprises and individuals with strong innovation capabilities in vertical specialization. Innovation will spread rapidly through the Internet platform. The project management capabilities and technology integration capabilities of large companies will be the future business competition. The key to power. Finally, local production is sold locally, and the decentralization of production organizations is becoming a trend. With the deepening of the integration of production intelligence and the Internet, companies will be distributed around the user as a scattered point, 4 respond to user demands and complete production in the fastest speed, and ultimately achieve a win-win situation between consumers and manufacturers. .
3. The business model has undergone profound changes.
First of all, the innovation model is socialized. In the traditional business model, consumers are seen as the "markets" for the purchase and consumption of products created by producers; in the new model, consumers become an important source of product innovation, and consumers become producers. One study estimated that as product innovators, consumers in the United States and Japan accounted for 33% and 13% of spending on consumer product R&D. The "open innovation" created by the enterprise platformization is becoming increasingly popular, and new business models such as crowdsourcing, crowdsourcing and crowdfunding have emerged. Second, the service manufacturing industry. The development of big data and cloud computing enables information to be tapped at a low cost. Manufacturing companies focus on products, use advanced information technologies to continuously extend and integrate services, and provide users with product-based package solutions for services and manufacturing. Increasingly fused.
Second, the new industrial revolution triggered the reconstruction of the global value chain (A) the new industrial revolution triggered restructuring of the industrial chain <br> Under the new industrial revolution, the subversive changes in the mode of production, business model and industrial organization will inevitably lead to heavy industrial chain Structure. The reconstruction of the industrial chain includes the integration, decomposition and disappearance of the industrial chain. In order to truly realize "user-centered", future sales will evolve into a public interaction platform. The public platform directly connects users, establishes connections with users, and continuously interacts, listens directly to the user's voice, and feels the user's experience. Users share their experiences here to help solve problems. The interactive platform will integrate the sales links, after-sales services, market research, and even advertisement links of the traditional industry chain. It will even break down some new industrial chains. For example, Haier Xiaowei “Raytheon†used “crowdfunding†and “creative venture†methods to provide customized financing. 5 R&D and design can be completed either by cooperation between users and vendors, or by industrial chain decomposition, and through open innovation, using “crowdsourcing†and “crowd designâ€. The core companies in the manufacturing sector rely mainly on their outstanding technology integration capabilities and project management capabilities to integrate platform resources, and operations may become increasingly virtual. The service-oriented manufacturing industry will deeply integrate manufacturing and service industries. In addition, some industrial chains are about to weaken or even disappear, because users can directly connect with manufacturers through channel vendors, and can experience the design and manufacturing process of products throughout the entire process. The price will be transparent, and channel providers and middlemen will soon disappear. Users believe that "the best for themselves is the best," and the advertising industry is also facing a transformation. Intelligent production makes the labor force no longer a decisive factor for site selection. In the future, the production layout will be “locally produced and sold on the spot†at the place of consumption, and thus the dependence on logistics will also be greatly reduced.
(II) Restructuring the industrial chain triggers changes in value-added (value chain reconstruction)
1. Intelligent production increases the added value of the manufacturing process in the central region.
The traditional global value chain presents a “smile curve†with high added value in the R&D and marketing links at both ends, and low added value in the middle of the manufacturing process. The new industrial revolution has changed the value-added distribution of each link in the value chain through the reconstruction of the industrial chain, so that the bottom of the “smile curve†has been lifted as a whole. The increase in added value in the manufacturing sector was primarily due to the substantial increase in the price/performance ratio of products brought by smart manufacturing. The modern production based on intelligence, customization, and the whole life cycle will save money, save labor, save time, and save energy. The production line with self-test function will minimize or even eliminate defective products. Using 3D printing technology, not only can reduce the interface, but also can overcome the limitations of the traditional processing technology and perform complex enhancement operations inside the three-dimensional object. Secondly, under the reconstruction of the industrial chain, the integration of manufacturing and creation, and the integration of manufacturing and service industries will all increase the added value of the manufacturing sector. Under the intelligent manufacturing system, design, development and manufacturing can be synchronized and manufacturing is created. 6 Enterprises are no longer limited to providing simple products to users, but also provide product-based package solutions. Intelligent production has changed the simple production line operations in the past, through high-level knowledge and technology, so as to grasp the decision-making power of the production process, thereby enhancing the value curve of the manufacturing process and realizing the mid-stage upgrade of the “smile curveâ€.
2. R&D and design will continue to maintain high added value.
With the proliferation of 3D printing, computer aided devices and the development of network platforms, R&D and design are gradually moving toward homes and individuals. Affluent enthusiasts, enthusiasts and part-timers from around the world are participating in the crowdsourcing and design of new products and technologies. Compared with traditional professional scientific researchers, they only use their spare time to share their surpluses, and they hardly increase their labor costs. Those core enterprises in the industrial chain can still obtain higher added value through the integration of innovation through the formulation of industry standards and rules.
3. The sales cycle will evolve into a public interaction platform and a source of added value.
The public interaction platform integrates sales of traditional industrial chains, market research, customer relationship management, after-sales services, advertisements, and even R&D design functions. The needs of users are the starting point and the end point of business operations. The value of users is the value of the company, and only users are realized. The best experience will be the realization of corporate value. This link is the source of added value.
To sum up, under the new industrial revolution, the “smile curve†that represents the added value of the various aspects of the industrial value chain shows a trend of constant leveling.
(3) Changes in the value-added chain value-added distribution lead to the adjustment of the international division of labor structure Kaplinsky (2004) pointed out that the benefits of participating in the global value chain are essentially derived from the ability to protect themselves from direct market competition, ie to obtain “economic rentâ€. All participating countries and enterprises of globalization are in the “governance†of “global value chainsâ€, and the goal of governance of “global value chains†is to obtain “rents†in various forms, not just seeking production. The return of factor input. Whoever occupies the core link of the value chain will control the wealth flow of the entire value chain in the future. 7 Changes in the value-added of all aspects of the industry chain will inevitably lead to the adjustment of government policies of various countries and changes in business strategies. The structure of international division of labor will be adjusted soon.
1. The manufacturing industry in developed countries returns.
In the era of smart manufacturing, the manufacturing industry has further demonstrated its strategic position in the national economy. Developed countries have stepped up the reflow of manufacturing industries. Japan has set up a special economic zone to create an optimal business environment. The purpose is to attract overseas Japanese companies to return. In recent years, well-known Japanese companies such as Panasonic, Sharp, Daikin, and Canon have all withdrawn. Trump made it clear in his State of the Union address that "we must ensure that the next revolution in manufacturing is made in the United States." Major international big-name U.S.-funded enterprises have responded in high-profile manner, and Ford, Google, Starbucks, and Apple have issued plans for their relocation.
2. The core of industrial competition has shifted to the back end of the industry chain, namely user-oriented.
The focus of traditional industry competition is on the front end of the industrial chain, which reduces production costs through technological advancement and economies of scale. The current intelligent and digital production has solved the contradiction between production costs and production cycles for multi-variety and small-batch production. Who can quickly discover user needs and provide the best user experience, and whoever will have the future. The realization of user value is the realization of corporate value.
3. Competition among industrial ecosystems has become the mainstream of the international competition paradigm.
In the digital business context, users have greater choices, and the competition between enterprises in the future is essentially the competition of user choices. This requires that the pace of business change must keep up with the speed with which the user clicks the mouse. In the past, pyramidal hierarchical organizational forms have become outdated. Enterprises must continue to break the boundaries and open up, and establish an “end-to-end†effective interface with users, suppliers, and R&D institutions through the Internet platform. Those industrial ecosystems dominated by companies that possess core technologies, brand advantages, and strong technology integration capabilities naturally have the ability to converge and integrate the best resources from the world, and have the most effective advantages to meet the individual needs of users. With the new pattern of international division of labor, enterprises will shift from being competitive in the past to gaining competitive advantage through the industrial ecosystem.
III. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES TO ENHANCE THE STATUS OF GLOBAL INDUSTRIAL VALUE CHAIN ​​IN CHINA <br> Since the reform and opening up, especially since China’s accession to the WTO, the degree to which Chinese manufacturing companies have integrated into global value chains has continued to deepen, and their status in the global value chain is also rising. On the whole, China's manufacturing industry is still at the low end of the global value chain. The profitability of export products is slim, and many advanced raw materials, key parts and components and major equipment still need to be imported. The reorganization of the global industrial value chain by the new industrial revolution will present both challenges and opportunities for China to promote the division of labor status in the global value chain and promote greater and greater manufacturing industry.
(I) Challenges to the upgrading of China's global value chain 1. The overall level of the manufacturing industry is not high, and regional differences are large.
At present, developed countries such as the United States and Germany have entered a new phase of industrial 4.0 represented by smart manufacturing, and are now achieving a deep integration of information technology and manufacturing technology. The development of information technology in China's manufacturing industry is not only low in overall level, but also varies widely. The eastern part is in the industry represented by the information age 3.0, while the vast central and western regions are still in the 2.0, 3.0 stage of industrialization represented by electrification and automation, and there are even some enterprises still in the mechanized industry 1.0 stage.
2. Insufficient R&D investment and weak independent innovation capability.
The core issue that restricts China's technological innovation is insufficient investment. According to statistics, China's manufacturing R&D investment accounted for only 1.1% of sales revenue in 2008-2013, while the United States, Japan, and Germany accounted for 4%, 3.4%, and 2.3%, respectively. In the high-tech industry, the ratios of the United States, the United Kingdom, South Korea, and Japan reached 73.3%, 62.8%, 58.7%, and 41.2%, respectively, compared with 26.3% in China. 8
3. Insufficient leading companies with strong technical strength and strong brand influence.
At present, China has become the world's largest manufacturing country. Huawei, CRRC, Gree, Haier, BYD and other companies have gained global reputation. However, compared with China's largest manufacturing country, the total amount is still insufficient. Brand building is still a weakness in the development of the industry. Of the 2016 world top 500 brands released by the World Brand Lab, China has only 36 seats. In the 2016 Hurun Brand List, none of the top ten most valuable Chinese brands came from the manufacturing industry. 9
4. China's talent cultivation mechanism based on disciplines has been difficult to adapt to smart manufacturing talent requirements.
In the future, smart manufacturing requires a large number of composite engineers and designers who understand the economy, understand the production design process, and at the same time can program software, especially entrepreneurs with broad vision and innovation, and great country artisans who are step by step and strive for excellence. The current education system is out of touch with the actual needs.
5. The development of public infrastructure such as the Internet, common technologies, and industrial databases is lagging behind.
At present, China's broadband fiber penetration rate is not high, and tariffs remain high. In particular, the “digital divide†in urban and rural areas and in the central and western regions still exists. Insufficient general technology research and weak promotion efforts, and lack of supporting resources such as public databases still restrict the rapid development of SMEs.
(II) Opportunities Contained in the Upgrading of China's Global Value Chains <br> Upgrading the industry's global value chain not only needs to realize the high-end of the domestic value chain, but also raises the status in the industrial value chain relative to developed countries such as Europe and the United States. Under the new industrial revolution, China has many unique conditions and opportunities.
1. The industrial system with the most complete industrial categories in the world is a strong support for Chinese companies to build an efficient and complementary industrial ecosystem.
China has the world's most complete industrial system of industrial categories, ranging from small matches to large aircraft carrier aircraft that can be produced in China. In the many regions represented by the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta, perfect industrial clusters have been formed, and the raw materials and parts needed for product production can be purchased within dozens of kilometers. A complete industrial system is a powerful support for the construction of an integrated industrial ecosystem with complementary advantages. 10 Relying on a sound industrial supporting system, Chinese manufacturing companies can quickly commercialize new products and gain advantages in the cost of supply chains. This is difficult for companies in other countries to compare. Mate7 is the third generation of Huawei's Mate series, and Huawei's first hot-selling mobile phone, which has made tremendous contributions to Huawei's opening of the high-end market. To improve grip, Huawei designed aerospace aluminum metal fuselage. However, Huawei has been searching for a national metal processing factory. However, there is no one process that can achieve the required quality rate of Huawei. Later, Huawei found BYD with a large number of automotive stamping equipment, this seems ridiculous, but BYD with its deep experience in the automotive metal stamping, successfully achieved a technological breakthrough and become Huawei mobile phone metal shell suppliers. Then, based on this technology, BYD has become the main supplier of Samsung's mobile phone metal shell. A complete and complementary industrial ecosystem helps enterprises within the system to develop full horizontal and vertical collaboration, promote strong and powerful cooperation of superior enterprises, and achieve technological catch-up.
2. The huge domestic demand market is China's unique advantage in achieving economic catch-up.
The big market can support the industrialization of new technologies and the formation of new standards. Zhou Huaifeng (2008) summarized the impact of domestic demand on innovation. First, the pre-emptive demand rooted in domestic users can reduce the uncertainty of innovation. Second, the huge domestic demand market is conducive to economies of scale, rapidly reducing costs, creating a positive interaction between innovation and the market, and helping new products and new industries to grow rapidly. For emerging technologies whose dominant design has not yet been established and whose technical standards have not yet been established, the large market can provide sufficient user and procurement scale for domestic technologies and standards, promote the formation of domestic standards or at least hold the right to speak in the formulation of international standards. For example, the reason why TD-SCDMA, the Chinese standard, has been included as one of the three major 3G standards by International Electrotechnical Co., is largely because China has gained the right to speak with huge market demand. After analyzing the history of the rise of the United States in the early days of the second industrial revolution, Jia Genliang pointed out that for large developing countries in the catch-up phase: the market is more important than technology; this is a near-perfect interpretation of the high-speed rail industry in China. Relying on the huge market – forcing the high-speed rail giants (Siemens, Bombardier Canada, Alstom, France, and Japan’s Shinkansen) to transfer technology – to achieve rapid industrialization – to continuously enhance their ability to innovate on the basis of absorption and digestion – to enter the international advanced technology system To achieve a perfect lead. At present, many electronic optical technologies in China's mobile phone industry chain also benefit from the rapid increase in China’s huge mobile phone market, such as BOE's panel technology. Since the acquisition of a backward production line in South Korea in 2003, BOE has been through more than 10 years.†Burning money and running have finally become the industry's technology leader behind South Korea's Samsung. According to the global international patent application issued by the World Intellectual Property Organization, BOE ranks eighth in the world in 2016. In these more than ten years, various funds including government funds dared to continue to invest (approximately 120 billion yuan), which was largely due to the continuing huge demand for panels in China.
3. The world's most advanced Internet application market has opened up a fast-track channel for Chinese people to embrace the Internet and move toward innovation.
According to a survey conducted by McKinsey, in 2013 China’s Internet economy accounted for 4.4% of the national economy, which surpassed many developed countries including the United States and Germany. According to the “The Queen of the Internet Reportâ€, the top 20 internet companies in the world are ranked by 7 companies, among which Tencent, Ali and Baidu are among the top ten. Chinese Internet companies have formed new capabilities in supporting the development of their start-up business, and these new capabilities represent the latest direction in the development of information technology. For example, Alibaba has developed powerful big data, cloud computing, and internet finance technologies to support “double 11†instant mass transactions. In the cloud computing market, Ali and Amazon and Microsoft Azure have formed a “3A†pattern. Technology such as big data and cloud computing can not only be applied to the fields of commerce and service industries, but also has a broad application space in the manufacturing industry. There is no barrier to technology transfer between industries. For example, GCL-Poly and Alibaba Cloud's ET industrial brains have jointly promoted big data algorithms in the polysilicon section, analyzed all aspects of data collected in the production process, identified the most critical variables affecting the yield rate, and made effective improvements. Yields increase by 1%, saving tens of millions of dollars annually. ? China's industrial system is complete, the market is huge, will provide a variety of applications for the next generation of information technology such as the Internet, big data, industrial clouds, support innovation to induce more gene mutations.
4. The increasingly “human resource†effect, which is becoming increasingly prominent, is an accelerator for China’s economic transformation and industrial upgrading.
Zhu Xixian, who put forward the theory of “three-dimensional strategy of CPPS man-machine network†and “six-dimensional intelligent factoryâ€, through systematic research on industry 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0, found that the key to the three industrial revolutions was talent shortage and talent management. Inspired by human nature, the human-centered main line runs through the first three industrial revolutions. With the constant development of China's politics, economy, and science and technology, the "talent-deafening" effect is becoming increasingly prominent. As of the end of 2016, the total number of Chinese returnees reached 265 million, of which 430,000 returned in 2016 and 70% returned in the past five years. The percentage of returned students from studies has increased from 72.38% in 2012 to 82.23% in 2016. Among them, the Central “Thousand Talents Program†has introduced more than 6,000 overseas high-level talents, and has introduced 53.09 million high-level overseas talents; Provide high-level talent guarantee for China's economic transformation and industrial upgrading. CCTV Financial’s “China Core†Power reported that China Microelectronics has achieved the technological breakthrough of the world’s most advanced level on the chip etching machine. The thirty-odd original sponsors, including Chairman Yin Zhijun, are senior engineers with experience in semiconductor equipment R&D and manufacturing from Intel, Applied Materials, Colin and other international giants for 20-30 years. The overseas high-end talents returning from their studies and returning to the country to provide advice and suggestions for technological oversight is an important way for China to break the foreign technology blockade and break through the bottleneck of key technologies.
5. The new "national system" is China's unique technological superiority.
Looking back at the history of the development of the world’s industrial powers, no backward country has developed a strong industry without relying on the support and protection of the government. Many industries, especially the strategic industries related to the national economy and the people's livelihood, have large investments and long payback periods. If they rely entirely on the strength of the market, after the developed countries develop products, they also suffer from low technological level, unstable product quality, and low brand influence. The reason is unable to compete with the enterprises in the starting country. The government's support will not only make up for the lack of industrial R&D investment, but more importantly, it will enable the naive industry to obtain sufficient markets and improve the technology and quality of the products through continuous iteration, so as to gradually reach the level that can participate in international competition. China's high-speed rail, China's nuclear power, Beidou navigation, quantum communications, aerospace and other global breakthroughs in the world are enough to prove that China's "universal system" has a unique advantage. In the future, in some important areas and key technologies, we must take advantage of the "national system" according to local conditions and concentrate on "each defeat."
In addition, China, as a latecomer economy, has less investment in deposits and lower conversion costs in the old system, and is less subject to the lock-in effect of the old paradigm. If sufficient attention is paid and responses are properly implemented, it is entirely possible to enter the new technology system at a faster rate and achieve leapfrogging. Development.
IV. Countermeasures for the Promotion of China's Global Value Chain under the New Industrial Revolution <br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br><br> For the new industrial revolution, successful companies can integrate the best resources at home and abroad through the platform, through intelligent, digital, and personalized production, with zero inventory. , Zero-defect, high-performance, and low-cost methods provide users with "tailor-made" products and services to enter the high-end segment of the value chain. However, enterprises that have failed to make the transition will face not only the low-end issues of the value chain for a long time, but also the issue of corporate life and death. China must seize this rare opportunity to complement its weaknesses, make full use of the "window of opportunity" brought about by the new industrial revolution, step up the implementation of innovation-driven efforts, and strive to achieve the "2030 goal of entering the high-end global value chain," the grand goal.
(I) Accelerating the intelligent upgrade of manufacturing industries <br> The developed countries have obvious advantages in the front-end of the industrial chain such as R&D design, standards and rulemaking, and the back-end of the industrial chain such as brand influence and platform agglomeration capability, but in the industrial chain Smart manufacturing has only just begun in recent years, and almost all countries are still on the same starting line. China should rely on large enterprises, actively promote the construction of "smart manufacturing demonstration projects", build brands, set benchmarks, and take measures to accelerate the construction of modern smart factories and promote the promotion and application of advanced and applicable technologies.
(II) Enlarging efforts to build leading enterprises <br> Under the new industrial revolution, the competition among industrial ecosystems has become the main paradigm of international competition. China must focus on cultivating a group of “chain master†companies with strong technical strength, strong brand influence, and leading industrial value chains. The first is to increase research investment and vigorously develop new generations of strategic emerging industries such as information technology, integrated circuits, artificial intelligence, new energy, and new materials. We will make full use of China's unique advantages in the domestic market to accelerate the industrialization of new energy and new technologies and take the lead in entering the advanced technology system through industrialization. For key technologies that have not been broken for a long time in the industry, we should give full play to China's "nationwide system" advantage and defeat each one. Second, the traditional industries must vigorously promote the spirit of artisans and further refine, do fine, do absolutely, and thoroughly in their original professional fields. The third is to strengthen the establishment of the intellectual property system, strengthen brand awareness, fight for brand competition, and fight for the right to speak.
(C) to promote the rapid development of SMEs <br> The efficiency of the industrial ecosystem depends not only on the leading company's technical strength and brand influence, but also closely related to the number and quality of SMEs in the vertical division of labor in the system. China must accelerate the building of complementary systems: First, industrial policies should shift from "selective industrial policies that support" to general industrial policies that "enhance corporate operating environment." The second is to improve the protection of intellectual property rights from a loose intellectual property protection system that is conducive to imitation and absorption to a strict intellectual property protection system that will stimulate innovation. The third is to speed up the construction of public technology service system. Accelerate the construction of national technological innovation centers and smart manufacturing demonstration projects, accelerate the promotion and application of advanced manufacturing technologies, standards, and industrial software to small and medium-sized enterprises; accelerate the construction of technological infrastructure such as public inspection and inspection platforms, and the construction of a new generation of information infrastructure. Accelerate the reform of the vocational education system and nurture and expand skilled and knowledge-based workforce.
(IV) Cultivating the "chain master" of the regional value chain
Most companies in China currently do not have the ability to dominate the global value chain, but it does not affect the advantage in a particular region. Countries along the “One Belt and One Road†countries are quite different from China in terms of economic development level and industrial structure. We must seize opportunities to deepen the cooperation between supply chains and value chains by expanding the scale of investment in countries and regions along the route, and actively nurture cooperation. The “chain owner†of the regional value chain with the ability to integrate the entire industry gradually improves its position in the global value chain.
V. Conclusion Under the new industrial revolution, the new generation of information technology, manufacturing technology, and new materials will have a disruptive impact on traditional production models, business models, and organizational models, and global industrial value chains will be restructured. This paper puts forward that China should adapt to the technical characteristics of the new industrial revolution and the trend of reconstructing the global industrial value chain, make full use of China's advantageous conditions, accelerate the construction of intelligent manufacturing, improve the construction of industrial ecosystem, and upgrade the status of the global industrial value chain. In fact, the new production model and business model must be truly grounded, and the management model must be innovated. This will be a major issue that the theoretical and business communities must face together in the future.
Notes 1 “The catch-up should start from the high end of the value chain†by Jagany, in “Invention and Innovationâ€, No. 7, 2013, pp. 18-19.
2 He Jun and Yao Yao, “The Technical and Economic Characteristics and Policy Implications of the Third Industrial Revolutionâ€, published on the 30th page of 2015 issue 9 of the Zhongzhou Journal.
3 Liu Qingzhen, “Content Industry Transformation under the Internet Plusâ€, set out on the 68th to 69th pages of the 8th issue of the New Productivity Classic.
4 Zhou Jing, “Study on the New Mode of Global Industrial Chain Evolutionâ€, Journal of Shanghai Institute of Public Administration, 2016, No. 5, pp. 83-84.
5 Wang Chin, "Man-one-in-One Management: Haier Transformation in the New Industrial Revolution", Economic Management Press, 2016, pp. 105-107.
6 Huang Qunhui, He Jun, “The Third Industrial Revolution†and China's Strategic Adjustment of Economic Development,†in Chinese Industrial Economics, 2013, No. 1, pp. 12-13.
7 Zhang Monan "Implementing the Strategy for Restructuring China's Global Value Chain" is set out in "Huaxia Times" April 20, 2015.
8 Zhang Mo Nan "Made in china 2025 to achieve lane change overtaking", contained in "Globalization", 2015, No. 6, page 81.
9 Nie Minghua, “China's Manufacturing Industry in the Global Value Chain, Its Status and Upgrade Strategy†is set out in the “Southeast Academic†2017 issue 2, page 218.
10 Li Xiaohua, Liu Feng, “Industrial Ecosystem and Development of Strategic Emerging Industriesâ€, published in “China Industrial Economicsâ€, No. 3, 2013, p. 28.
Zhou Huafeng, “Influence of Domestic Market Demand on Technological Innovationâ€, in "Natural Dialectics Study", 2008, No. 8, pp. 42-43.
13 Liu Yan, “The wave of screen upgrades is approaching, are domestic screens ready?â€, published in the Science and Technology Daily on March 23, 2017.
Wang Haixia, "The Big Data Traces the Growth of Small Silicones," was published in China Energy News on May 1, 2017.
Zhao Bing, “The total number of returned overseas students in China reaches 2,651,100â€, which was published in the “China High-tech Industry Herald†on April 17, 2017.
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