The WiMAX War Memoir is the story I want to tell today, about a "war." Although this "war" is only 10 years ago, it is little known.
This is a "war" that does not see the smoke, but the level of excitement is no less than the real war. The process is ups and downs and thrilling. It is definitely the "world war" of the communications industry.
The protagonist of this "war" is also the core of our story, that is -
I don't know if you know about WiMAX. Let me give you a brief introduction.
WiMAX is Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access, the world's microwave interconnect access. The name is a bit long, it has another name, it's much simpler, just 5 numbers - 802.16.
The relationship between 802.16 and 802.11 (Wireless Local Area Network, also known as Wi-Fi) can be seen from the name 802.16. Yes, WiMAX and Wi-Fi are communication technology protocol standards defined by the IEEE (Electrical and Electronics Industry Association).
Wi-Fi is familiar to everyone, it is LAN technology. WiMAX is a metropolitan area network technology.
In fact, in short, WiMAX is an enhanced version of Wi-Fi.
To what extent is it strengthened? Wi-Fi can transmit hundreds of meters at most, and WiMAX can theoretically transmit 50 kilometers. . . In addition, it has the characteristics of high transmission rate and rich and diverse services.
Today, Xiaozaojun does not intend to introduce the specific technical details of WiMAX. Let's go back to the story.
The story begins with the 1980s.
At that time, the first generation of mobile communication technology (1G) began to appear. The representative of 1G is the AMPS technology in the United States and the NMT technology in Northern Europe. In addition, there are TACS in the UK, JTACS in Japan and C-Netz in West Germany.
You don't have to remember them. We just need to know that although there are hundreds of technical contends, it is said that the United States, Europe and Japan are the main regions. They are the most powerful and competing with each other. Other countries and regions, including China, only have to watch the lively part.
Later, in the 2G era (in the early 1990s), Europe introduced GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), and the United States did not hesitate to introduce CDMA. The competition for communication standards has become a PK in the United States and Europe. Although Japan also has PDC technology, it basically does not form a competitive edge.
CDMA VS GSM, everyone should be familiar with
Then, in the 3G era (early this century), this game is even more exciting.
At that time, Europe continued to have a leading position in the telecommunications industry with the success of GSM. The top communications companies, including Ericsson (Sweden), Nokia (Finland), Alcatel (France), and Siemens (Germany), are all European. Especially Ericsson, who was the leader of the world's communications equipment vendors.
On the US side, communications equipment companies only have Motorola, Lucent, etc., and their overall strength is weaker than that of Europe. However, the United States has a leading edge in the computer industry. IT giants such as Intel, IBM, and Microsoft are all in the United States.
It should be noted that there is another company in the United States, Qualcomm (that is, it introduced the CDMA standard). Although Qualcomm is not a equipment manufacturer, it has a lot of patents and it has a lot of weight.
In fact, Japan has already withdrawn from the game. The reason is that everyone should also know that the trade war has been half-dead by the United States, plus its own aging and economic bubble. At this time, the Japanese economy has already been in a state of overall recession. Some Japanese communications companies with certain strengths in the 2G era have basically closed down at this time.
However, there is a new player that has risen, that is, China.
After the reform and opening up, China has the largest market in the world, and it has also emerged as a communication equipment manufacturer represented by Huawei and ZTE (it was still weak at that time). Communication technology has developed rapidly and gradually has a voice in the global communications field. .
The situation at the time was this: a bunch of European communications vendors jointly launched WCDMA technology. With their strength, WCDMA will definitely become the 3G standard, and you don't have to think about it. The European gang is hoping that the world will use WCDMA to engage in technological monopoly.
In the old-fashioned style, of course, do not agree - use WCDMA, is it not only by the outsiders?
Therefore, it has developed CDMA2000 on the basis of CDMA, and intends to continue to confront Europe and acquire more initiative rights as in the 2G era.
However, Laomei also understands that with his own strength is not enough to compete with WCDMA, what should I do?
Old America soon thought of China, pulling an ally!
It is said that when the global 3G standard was finalized, in order to make CDMA2000 one of the 3G standards, the head of the US delegation arranged for the Chinese delegation members to find the head of the Chinese delegation privately and had a meal. Above the dinner, the Americans went straight to the theme: "Does your TD not want to enter the standard? We have to hold the group, we can't let Europe control us! You see this way, we support TD-SCDMA, you support CDMA2000, we are together Into the standard, let's get this balabala...".
Of course, the United States does not care whether China's TD standards can become standards, and they will not promote them anyway. Letting the Chinese standards pass is nothing more than a number of documents in the International Telecommunication Union, without any substantial impact on them. And with China's support, let its own CDMA2000 become the standard, that is what it wants.
And what about China? Because it is the first impact standard, the success will not be at all. Therefore, since the old US is willing to help, both sides take what they need, so they are doing it!
As a result, the two sides reached a tacit agreement.
It was the American turn to meet the next day. The representative of China spoke, saying that the simultaneous operation of multiple international standards is a more correct choice for the international community, the reason balabala. . . The representative of the United States immediately stated: "The Chinese are right! Support!" Then the group applauded, leaving the Europeans with a look of arrogance. . .
Ever since, in May 2000, the European standard WCDMA, American standard CDMA2000, and the winning TD-SCDMA have become 3G international standards.
Therefore, the competition for international telecommunication standards has never been more than a problem of technology itself, but a process of struggle, confrontation, collusion and compromise between powerful countries. It has a bearing on the overall situation of the development of domestic telecommunications companies. It must adopt various means, including conspiracy and conspiracy, and strive for a situation favorable to its own country. This kind of power game, the country without strength is not even qualified to participate.
Ok, don't go far, keep going back to the subject. Our protagonist has not yet appeared.
It is reasonable to say that the three major standards have been set, and everyone returns to each family, each looking for a mother, and finishing things. However, the story is not over.
In a few years, the US "IT Gang" led by Intel jumped out of the game. They launched a highly competitive WiMAX technology to challenge the "telecom help."
WiMAX is really fierce. It uses many new technologies, such as OFDM orthogonal frequency division multiple access and MIMO multi-antenna (is it very familiar?), which greatly improves the data transmission capability and is sought after by the industry.
With obvious technical advantages and broad market prospects, WiMAX has quickly become the new darling of the communication circle, greatly shaking the status of 3GPP and 3GPP2, posing a substantial threat to the traditional three major 3G standards.
The alarm bell rang, the traditional communication manufacturers quickly woke up, and the 3GPP organization quickly introduced LTE technology to compete with WiMAX. The OFDM and MIMO mentioned above are all used in LTE.
As mentioned above, WiMAX is simply an enhanced version of Wi-Fi. Therefore, it is not really a mobile communication technology, but an IP network. It is an "intrusion" of IT technology into the telecommunications field.
The main players in WiMAX technology are Intel, IBM, Motorola, Nortel, and some operators in North America. Intel and Motorola injected $900 million into the WiMAX project, which was opened. Then, the US operator injected another $3 billion, and it immediately burned the fire.
In order to create momentum for WiMAX, Intel has a thick face that claims that WiMAX chips are 10 times cheaper than traditional 3G chips.
This time, the whole industry is even more boiling. A large number of WiMAX-related research papers have been published, and many companies have invested in the so-called "3.5G" technology.
Seeing that the situation is very good, the United States is of course excited. It is not good for WiMAX to completely counter traditional communications!
As a result, the United States began to support WiMAX at all costs.
First, let WiMAX be fostered into a formal international standard. After all, the name is not right, not the standard is equal to no legal status, there is no legal frequency, there is no way to play.
However, it was already 2007. As we said before, in 2000, the International Telecommunication Union has finalized three major 3G standards. Specifically, the final deadline for submission of the 3G standard is June 30, 1998 (the International Telecommunications Union has announced the world). Now go to the standard, do you think the International Telecommunications Union is your home?
The US emperor is not the US emperor, this seemingly impossible task, it is done by it. . .
With its own strength, the United States forcibly opened the door of the International Telecommunication Union, held a special meeting, accepted WiMAX as the fourth 3G international telecommunication standard, and distributed it to the global frequency as desired. . .
So, if you don't accept it, who makes it the world hegemon? . .
This is good. WiMAX needs money and money. It depends on the mountains and mountains. If you want to have an identity, you have to have a frequency band in the frequency band. Some of them have it. It can be said that "the spring breeze is proud of horseshoe disease. â€
The bosses have expressed their attitude, and the younger brothers are not hurrying to stand up? Ever since, the circles have risen and the city has changed.
Canada has always followed the United States, so Nortel (Canada) has swept the traditional 3G business to Alcatel, France, and then turned to WiMAX in a desperate manner.
Asia, with the exception of mainland China, has almost become a test field for WiMAX. WiMAX has been deployed in Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, and the Philippines.
Not to mention Taiwan, but the United States is the leader of the horse, all efforts to bet on WiMAX, scrambling to grab WiMAX licenses. Taiwan's global move, WiMAX Telecom, Far EasTone, Volkswagen Telecom, Datong Telecom, and Wei Da Chao Telecom have all seized WiMAX licenses and are ready to do a big job.
Here is a sentence, when Jujube happened to have the experience to experience this craze. In 2009, I participated in the International Telecommunications Exhibition in Tokyo, Japan, and witnessed the madness of WiMAX. At that time, many exhibiting companies were vigorously promoting WiMAX.
The photos I took at the time
When the old beauty saw this situation, it was very good. It began to be proud. On the one hand, it continued to shout for WiMAX. On the other hand, it encouraged TD-SCDMA operators including China Mobile to join WiMAX: "TD-SCDMA has no future, the only way out is Move closer to WiMAX."
Why do you want to pull on China's TD-SCDMA? Because both use the TDD (Time Division Duplex) mechanism, it is different from WDD's FDD. Therefore, there is more substitution between WiMAX and TD-SCDMA.
Of course, China is not happy, why should you listen to you? Thus, there is no eternal friend, no eternal enemy. China chose to stand with Europe this time.
Europe's approach to the United States is very uncomfortable - let you engage in a CDMA2000, you have a WiMAX, endless? At that time, Nokia’s executives stood up and publicly criticized WiMAX, annoyed Intel, and they were arguing over the two sides. The atmosphere in the whole industry is very tense. Everyone is fighting and fighting, and they all want to kill each other.
China’s attitude has changed the direction of the balance of WiMAX’s destiny.
Careful analysis of the strength comparison at that time: global communications equipment vendors, there are only a few strong, Ericsson (Sweden), Alcatel (France), Siemens (Germany), Huawei (China), ZTE (China), Nortel ( Canada), Lucent (USA), and Motorola (USA) can find weaknesses and weaknesses with their fingers. What's more, Lucent was compiled by Alcatel, and the United States also has a bit of strength in the telecommunications field. Qualcomm is also a chip and patent creator, and does not manufacture equipment at all.
Even more boring is that Qualcomm is still a "traitor." Qualcomm has many vested interests in the traditional communications field. The three major 3G standards (WCDMA, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA) are based on its CDMA, so it does not want to develop WiMAX. Although Qualcomm's own UMB (4G based on CDMA2000 evolution) is yellow, LTE is still good for it.
Therefore, after the failure of the Qualcomm and WiMAX alliance negotiations, all of its chips did not support WiMAX, and Intel did not foresee the rise of smartphones at the time, so there was no focus on the development of mobile phone chips. . .
Intel, with more than enough strength, and a group of soy sauce parties, can be imagined.
No equipment, no chips, no mature industry chain, how do you play?
Therefore, this battle has actually been divided into wins and losses.
Unsurprisingly, in the absence of industry chain support, the situation of WiMAX has turned sharply.
Because the network facilities can not keep up, the supply of chips can not keep up, the development of the industry chain is seriously insufficient, the experience of WiMAX is very poor, and the WiMAX camp begins to collapse.
The earliest operators of WiMAX in Australia first fired guns and slammed WiMAX at international conferences. They said that indoor coverage is not enough in the area of ​​400 meters, and the delay is as high as 1000 milliseconds. (At the last year's meeting, he also praised WiMAX.)
Then, by 2010, Intel, the biggest pillar of the WiMAX standard, could not hold up and announced the dissolution of the WiMAX division. This is funny, the big brother who ran away, how to play? (This also fully proves that the US Emperor sells his teammates, it is really not an eye. The TPP trade agreement is also an example.)
The US team, are you a big eyebrow and a rebellious revolution?
Then, the Norwegian Nortel, who turned to WiMAX in the first place, went bankrupt. . .
When the big things are not good, Asian countries such as Malaysia, the Philippines, and South Korea have jumped on the road and switched from WiMAX to TD-LTE.
Even the world's largest WiMAX service provider, Clearwire of the United States, has also "rebelled". . . It shifted its focus from WiMAX to TD-LTE. In September 2011, it announced a partnership with China Mobile to jointly promote product and equipment development based on the TD-LTE standard.
What is the wall and everyone pushes, this is it.
This is good. At the beginning of the United States, TD-SCDMA only turned to WiMAX. Only a few years later, it became "WiMAX only turned to TD-LTE one way." It can be said that "the wind and the water turn, who the sky has surpassed".
The hardest part is our Taiwan compatriots.
Taiwan has the tightest track on WiMAX, the biggest bet, and now it’s dumbfounded. Want to turn around? It’s easy to talk about. The industrial structure of WiMAX has been established, and the frequency bands have also been separated. How can we turn around and turn around?
Since the collapse of the WiMAX Empire in 2010, Taiwan has been alone on WiMAX for two years. In 2012, I found that the WiMAX users of the six operators did not add up to 150,000, which is even worse than a county in the Mainland.
The global move can not hold on, and it is necessary to abandon WiMAX and rely on TD-LTE. However, according to the regulations of Taiwan's regulatory agencies, only when 70% coverage is completed, can they apply for conversion to LTE, which will kill the operators. Moreover, regulators have already assigned the best high-end frequencies to WiMAX, and operators can't change them because there is no frequency to use. It is even harder for regulators to reclaim WiMAX bands and redistribute them to TD-LTE.
Under this circumstance, the vitality of the Taiwan communications industry was completely hurt. Not only did it lose $50 billion in investment, it also ruined the industry, wasted time, and has not slowed down until now. . .
Having said that, our Taiwan compatriots are also very pitiful. In addition to the fact that WiMAX has been miserable by the US emperor, the LCD panel has also been ruined by South Korea’s Samsung sticks. Now only the semiconductors are dead, hey, think about it. It is also a sad reminder.
So, ah, not afraid of God's opponents, afraid of pig-like teammates.
In fact, we cannot completely blame Taiwan for being stupid. The key to the problem is because the strength is too weak. There is no standard in hand, and there is no place in the ecological chain. It is a matter of time before encountering such a situation.
You are at the bottom of this family, dare to play big games with the big guys? People have a big career, and if they lose, they will start all over again. You will lose all of a sudden, how can you play it? Plus, you have to follow the boss, with no conscience, isn't it a cannon to give up?
All in all, the WiMAX camp completely lost the war, and WiMAX gradually faded out of our horizons.
Looking back at this century's war, Europe and China won the victory, and LTE has also successfully become the 4G standard, with an unshakable orthodoxy. After the dust settled, the pattern of the world communication industry has gradually become what it is.
On the other side of the United States, it cannot be completely lost. Although Nortel was gone, Lucent sold it and the motorcycle was abolished, but Qualcomm is still there. . .
More critically, although the IT camp lost their first invasion, it simply couldn't be hurt. You see, now the 5G battle is full of wolves, is Intel not killing it again? Nowadays, I am engaged in virtualization and engaging in SDN/NFV. Isn’t IT coming back again? The current situation is far more severe than that of the year!
Finally, what I want to say is still China.
After decades of glory, China is no longer China, and China's communications industry is not the former Chinese communications industry. Our Huawei and ZTE have risen, and the Chinese communication technology represented by them has also risen. Not only has technology emerged, but our market has matured. We have the world's largest and best mobile communication network and the most complete communication infrastructure.
China's communication forces have never been self-confident and self-confident, and have moved from full-scale to independent innovation. We have also gone through detours and failed. However, do not experience the wind and rain, how to see the rainbow? After we climbed and hit, we have now played a pivotal role in the global communications industry.
Ring Type Connecting Terminals
Ring Type Connecting Terminals,Terminals,Connecting Terminals
Taixing Longyi Terminals Co.,Ltd. , https://www.longyicopperlugs.com