First, the working principle of LED
As the name implies, a light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits light of a specific wavelength (color). Like other semiconductor chips, the semiconductor chip of the LED (the actual light-emitting unit of the LED) is also packaged in plastic or ceramic. Of course, there can be one in a package or multiple chips. When the LED is in forward conduction (open), the electrons recombine with the holes while releasing energy in the form of photons (as shown in Figure 1.1.1). This effect is often referred to as electroluminescence.
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Figure 1 When the LED is excited, the electrons and holes recombine, and at the same time, the energy is released in the form of photons of a specific wavelength (color).
LED technology , a commonly used term in lighting applications, is called solid state lighting (SSL). This is because the principle of illumination is distinguished from incandescent lamps (luminescence is achieved by thermal radiation in the visible spectrum), and the technique referred to by solid-state illumination is achieved by solid state electroluminescence.
How white LEDs work
The most common method is to use a single color LED (mostly a blue LED with indium gallium arsenide process) to achieve white light with different colors of phosphors. The corresponding LED is called a fluorescent white LED. High brightness LED (HB LED) is excited. Part of the blue light is converted to yellow light by the fluorescent layer, and the other part passes directly through the fluorescent layer in a blue light manner. Eventually, the mixture of blue and yellow light forms white light.
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Figure a: Internal structure of a common phosphor-based bright white LED
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Figure b: Blue light photons generated by the combination of holes and electrons
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