With the continuous enhancement of human environmental awareness, oil resources have been decreasing year by year, oil prices have gradually increased, and reducing automobile pollution and saving energy has become a serious problem faced by governments around the world. The battery technology and the production, transportation, storage and cost of hydrogen have severely restricted the development of electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, and hybrid vehicles have emerged. In hybrid vehicles, high-power energy storage devices (batteries, supercapacitors, etc.) can provide instantaneous energy to the vehicle, which can reduce engine size, improve efficiency, reduce emissions and fuel consumption, and can be implemented. Recover energy when moving and decelerating. Lead-acid batteries are heavy in weight, can not be filled quickly, and have a short cycle life; lithium-ion batteries have poor current performance, high price and safety, and are not suitable for the development of hybrid vehicles. Nickel-metal hydride batteries are widely used in hybrid vehicles because of their high specific power, large current charge and discharge, no pollution, and good safety performance.
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First, the requirements of hybrid vehicles for power batteries and their main indicators
1. Requirements for power batteries Power batteries generally have the ability to have high capacity and output power, and can be used as two batteries for electric vehicles and driving power sources. Under normal circumstances, the hybrid battery car power battery is a frequent, shallow charge and discharge cycle. During the charging and discharging process, the voltage and current may have a large change. In response to this use feature, the hybrid system has the following special requirements for the battery:
(1) High-power charge and discharge capacity: mass ratio power and volume ratio power are indicators for measuring the rapid charge and discharge capacity of the battery. Relative to the specific energy requirements, the hybrid power vehicle has higher requirements for comparison power.
(2) Charging and discharging efficiency: The cycle of energy in the power battery must pass the cycle of charging-discharging-charging, and the high charging and discharging efficiency plays an important role in ensuring the efficiency of the whole vehicle.
(3) Relative stability: The power battery should maintain relatively stable performance under the conditions of rapid charge and discharge and charging and discharging, so that it can reach a sufficient number of charge and discharge cycles under the conditions of the power system.
2. Main Indicators of Vehicle Power Battery The following are the main indicators for evaluating the power battery technology of hybrid vehicles:
(1) Mass specific power (W/kg): The mass-to-power ratio of the battery represents the power that can be supplied per kilogram of mass of the battery. Its size determines the maximum power that the battery can output, which indicates the acceleration performance and maximum speed of the car, and has a direct impact on the power performance of the electric car. In a hybrid car, the specific power of the battery is the most critical factor, because the battery can be recharged under the operating conditions of the internal combustion engine after the battery is exhausted.
(2) Mass specific energy (Wh/kg): It indicates the ability to continue driving in pure electric mode.
(3) Number of cycles: The operation of the power battery is a cyclic process of constant charge-discharge-charge-discharge. Once charged and discharged, the chemical reaction in the power battery will undergo a reversible chemical reaction. As the number of charging and discharging increases, the chemically active substance in the power battery ages, gradually weakens its chemical function, reduces the efficiency of charging and discharging the power battery, and finally loses its charging and discharging functions partially or completely. The number of working cycles of the power battery is an important indicator for measuring the life of the power battery, and has a direct impact on the use of the power battery.
(4) Cost: The cost of the battery is related to the new technical content of the battery, materials, manufacturing methods and production scale. Currently, the newly developed high specific power power battery has a higher cost.
Second, the characteristics of nickel-hydrogen battery At present, the performance of the main power battery that has been developed in the world is shown in Table 1.
The positive electrode of the nickel-hydrogen battery uses nickel metal hydroxide, and the negative electrode uses a tin-hydrogen alloy. Ni-MH power batteries have many excellent characteristics such as pollution-free, high specific energy, high power, fast charge and discharge, and durability. Compared with lead-acid batteries, nickel-metal hydride batteries have higher specific energy, lighter weight, smaller size and longer cycle life. Compared with nickel-niobium batteries, their specific energy is twice that of nickel-cadmium batteries. Another big advantage is that nickel-metal hydride batteries do not contain toxic metals such as cadmium and lead. Some of them have high recovery value and can be called green energy.
The main features of nickel-metal hydride batteries:
(1) High mass ratio power: At present, the commercial nickel-hydrogen power battery can achieve 1350Wh/kg.
(2) The number of cycles: The nickel-hydrogen power battery currently used in electric vehicles can have an 80% discharge depth (DOD) cycle of more than 1000 times, which is more than three times that of lead-acid batteries. The 100% DOD cycle life is also more than 500 times. It can be used for more than 5 years in a hybrid car.
(3) Non-polluting: It is a metal that is harmful to human body such as lead and cadmium. It is a “green environmental protection power source†in the 21st century.
(4) Overcharge and overcharge.
(5) No memory effect.
(6) Wide operating temperature range: the normal operating temperature range is -30 to 55 ° C; the storage temperature range is -40 to 70 ° C.
(7) Safe and reliable: short circuit, extrusion, acupuncture, safety valve working ability, drop, heating, vibration resistance and other safety, reliability test without explosion, burning phenomenon.
3. Major foreign nickel-hydrogen battery manufacturers and domestic status 1. Major foreign nickel-hydrogen battery manufacturers (1) Matsushita Electric Co., Ltd. (PEVE)
PEVE (Panasonic EV Energy Co., Ltd) is a joint venture between Panasonic and Toyota. Commercial hybrid vehicles currently using Panasonic batteries include Toyota's Prius, Alphard, Estima, Honda's Civic, and Insight.
Panasonic's latest prismatic battery uses new electrode materials to reduce internal resistance and internal pressure, which improves reliability and life. The main parameters are shown in Table 2. The technical features are as follows:
· Specific power reaches 1350W/kg;
· Use new electrode materials to significantly reduce internal resistance;
· Adopt new battery connection structure;
· Significant improvement in life expectancy;
· The battery case size is reduced by 15% and the weight is reduced by 25%.
(2) Cobasys
Cobasys is a joint venture between Chevron Texaco TechnologyVenture (the second largest energy company in the US) and ECD (EnergyConversion Devices). ECD is wholly-owned by Ovonic, Ovonic has a lot of patents on nickel-metal hydride batteries. Companies that produce nickel-hydrogen batteries around the world must obtain permission to produce and sell. oCobasys is not only the research and development of technology, but also the development of technology to industrialization. Level. Cobasys developed the 8. 8Ah Series 1000 battery module specifically for hybrid vehicles. The basic parameters are shown in Table 3.
(3) Varta
Varta is a US-controlled company controlled by Johnson Controls Inc. (JCI), one of the world's largest manufacturers of automotive batteries, and Varta is headquartered in Hanover, Germany. The company's main products for the development of nickel-metal hydride batteries for hybrid vehicles are round modules 5. 5Ah, 8Ah, 12Ah; square modules 7Ah, 25Aho, square modules are better than similar products on the market: low internal resistance, high mass ratio ( 1300W/kg), high mass ratio energy and good low temperature performance.
2. Status of research and development of domestic nickel-hydrogen battery
The main manufacturers of domestic nickel-hydrogen battery are: Chunlan (Group) Company, Tianjin Peace Bay, Zhongshan Zhongju Senlai, Shenzhou, Science and Technology, Shenyang Sanpu. After the accumulation of "863", the technological progress is good, and the technical indicators of the single battery are not very different from those of foreign countries, but the consistency and cycle life are worse than those of foreign countries, especially after integration. Domestic power battery R&D institutions and production enterprises still have insufficient funds. The main reason is that the power battery has not yet formed an industry. Most of its production processes are still manual operations; automobile manufacturers have high requirements for power batteries, but the demand is high. Not big, the two are mutually restrained.
IV. Conclusion This paper describes the requirements of hybrid vehicles for power batteries, the development status and trends of power batteries, analyzes the technical characteristics and performance of nickel-hydrogen battery, and introduces the main production enterprises of nickel-hydrogen battery at home and abroad. In the current stage of developing hybrid vehicles, the selection of nickel-metal hydride batteries for power batteries is ideal. As the hybrid vehicle market matures, the price of nickel-metal hydride batteries will also drop, and the prospects for nickel-hydrogen batteries will be expected.
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