In recent years, e-commerce has gradually become the most talked about.
In December 1996, the first e-commerce model proposed by the United Nations Commission on International Trade and Trade Law was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations. On April 15, 1997, the European Union proposed the EU e-commerce action plan. On April 15, 1998 and June 22, 1999, the US Department of Commerce submitted two reports directly related to e-commerce: the emerging digital economy and the emerging digital economy. At the same time, Microsoft, Compaq and other major computer companies have also launched their own e-commerce solutions. These e-commerce policies and regulations and the introduction of solutions to e-commerce have created extremely favorable conditions for the development of e-commerce. All these are easy to give people the illusion that electronic commerce has only appeared in recent years. In fact, this is not the case, e-commerce also has its long and tortuous development process. The present is the inheritance and development of the past, and the future is the continuation and extension of the present. Without a good understanding of the past, we cannot plan the future better. In order to enable more people to understand the development process of e-commerce, it is more important to provide our government and enterprises with a better plan for the future, and provide some reference materials for the development of e-commerce development strategies and policies. This article will trace the development process of e-commerce, including the current status of e-commerce development, and discuss some issues affecting the development of e-commerce in China.
1 The conceptual characteristics and development history of e-commerce For e-commerce, there is currently no unified definition. Based on our understanding, in the simplest terms, e-commerce is a business activity that is carried out by means of the Internet. The earliest e-commerce mainly refers to 01 Gas, 3131 plus 61, based on public information networks, electronic data exchange activities, and today e-commerce mainly refers to Internet-based business activities. It can be said that 01 is the prototype of e-commerce. The development of Internet-based e-commerce is 01. Whether it is early 0 or today's Internet-based e-commerce, the rapid delivery of business information is not only the purpose of their application, but also the most significant common to them Characteristics.
01 is a recognized standard used by enterprises to exchange business activity information between individuals through computer communication networks. The development of computer communication networks and the promulgation of the 01 standard directly affect the application of 01.
In the 1960s, the United States took the lead in proposing and implementing a research institute established in the United States in 01.1968 to specifically study and improve the methods of electronic data exchange between enterprises. In 1975, the United States established the first 01 standard; in 1979, the United States National Standards Committee 31 authorized the development of 01 uniform standards by taking 15 rainbow 181 and 6, 12 for 12; the United States published five U.S. national standards in 1983, and increased to 1989 32 items, increased to 192 items in 1993 and 245 items in 1995.
While the US government promulgated the 01 standard, large companies in the United States used 01 to conduct business activities in the UK. Countries such as Germany, the Netherlands and Italy have also successively promulgated their own 0 standards, and large enterprises in these countries have also begun to use them for business activities.
In the 1970s and 1980s, with the gradual improvement of all standards, especially the United States '12 and the United Nations' 0 claws, 1 became more and more perfect, setting off a global heat wave of 01, countries around the world have formulated and developed, plan. In the early 1990s, China formulated its own 01 development plan. However, since most of 01 is implemented using leased lines or value-added networks, and using them is very expensive, this makes the use of 01 for business activities limited to large enterprises.
In recent years, the rapid development of the Internet has connected hundreds of millions of Internet users and tens of millions of computer networks and enterprises around the world to form a virtual global village. With the rapid development of the Internet, especially with the development of Internet-based evaluation technology hypertext technology and multimedia technology, people can not only exchange text information, but also exchange hypermedia information. People can exchange information and exchange information through an interface that includes sound and text. It can be said that the emergence and development of the Internet has led to a qualitative leap in business activities based on the network from the 01 e-commerce era based on the public information network to the real e-commerce era based on the Internet.
In the 01 era, because the cost of using public information networks is too expensive; on the other hand, because an enterprise needs to use it to engage in business activities, it needs a lot of integration with each trading partner, network design and installation to management design to hardware software And the staff asked, must invest a lot between or within large companies. The development of Internet-based e-commerce has not only expanded the business of large companies in the world, but also made e-commerce no longer a patent for large companies. Small companies are also able to engage in e-commerce activities, greatly expanding the scope of e-commerce applications. The development and wide application of business have injected new vitality.
2 The development status of Internet-based e-commerce The reasons why large enterprises and small and medium-sized enterprises apply the network to their business activities are whether they are carried out on the basis of public information online using 01, or the business activities carried out on the Internet. In order to reduce its operating costs and improve the efficiency of internal management, it serves the quality of users and closes its relationship with trading partners, thereby improving the efficiency of its business activities as a whole and gaining a competitive advantage. Facts have proved that whether it is based on the public information network 01 or the Internet, after being applied to business activities, it has increased the speed of business document transmission, reduced the cost of document processing, and reduced the business losses caused by mistakes to the enterprise. Even in the era, many companies are well aware of the benefits of using 01 for business activities. However, the high cost of using 01 makes many companies out of reach, and the cost of being blocked in e-commerce e-commerce activities is greatly reduced. Both large enterprises, SMEs and even individuals have the ability to use the Internet for e-commerce activities. Internet-based Amazon virtual bookstores and other successful examples of using the Internet for business activities not only make entrepreneurs realize the importance of using e-commerce, but also encourage a large number of enterprises to actively implement or launch their own e-commerce solutions.
E-commerce can be roughly divided into two categories: e-commerce between enterprises, and the other is e-commerce between enterprises and consumers. The development of the 01 Times Internet not only enabled large and medium-sized enterprises to conduct e-commerce, but also made e-commerce between enterprises and consumers a reality. Therefore, Internet clogs are the key and infrastructure for the development of e-commerce. Only when the Internet infrastructure is built well, will the number of people surfing the Internet increase, the e-commerce development will have a way out, the development prospects of e-commerce will be optimistic, and e-commerce will become the engine of economic growth in the 21st century. It is precisely because of this general recognition that various countries have issued policies to speed up the construction of the Internet. For example, in 1996, the US government launched the next generation Internet plan, which aims to build a high-speed broadband network and create conditions for the era of multimedia e-commerce.
In recent years, with the acceleration of Internet construction in various countries, the number of Internet accesses has also increased rapidly. According to reports, by May 1999, a total of 171 million people worldwide had access to the Internet. Among them, the United States and Canada have 97 million Internet users, accounting for 5.3 million in Latin America, accounting for 3.1; Africa, 0 million, accounting for 0.6; Middle East, 900,000, accounting for 0.5. Although China ’s Internet construction is not long, compared with developed countries Infrastructure construction is still relatively backward, but as of July 1999, the number of Internet users in China has reached more than 4 million. Number of Internet users Internet companies have created conditions for the vigorous development of e-commerce. With everything in place, China's e-commerce has also developed rapidly.
In recent years, the rapid development of e-commerce is not only surprising, but also increases the difficulty of predicting the development prospects of e-commerce. At the beginning of 1998, it was predicted that the e-commerce among US enterprises would increase to 300 billion in 2002. However, most people now think that this estimate is clearly low. According to the Poverty Research Corporation, US e-commerce among businesses will increase to 1.3 trillion in 2003. At the beginning of 1998, it was estimated that US Internet retail sales would reach 7 billion in 2000. However, it exceeded this level last year. According to statistics, the online retail sales in the United States in 1998 were estimated to be between 7 billion and 15 billion US dollars. Others predict that by 2002 US online retail sales will reach 40 billion to 80 billion US dollars. However, according to 5,556, a sponsored study estimated that the total amount of e-commerce in the United States in 1998, including inter-enterprise e-commerce and e-commerce between businesses and consumers, reached US $ 102 billion. According to the statistics of the International Telecommunication Union, the volume of commodity transactions on the Internet in 1996 was 2 billion or 3 billion US dollars. According to International Data Corporation 10, it is estimated that the Internet e-commerce transaction volume in 1997 has reached more than 10 billion US dollars, of which the US is 8.5 billion US dollars, Europe is 100 million US dollars, and Asia-Pacific is 720 million US dollars; To more than 220 billion US dollars, of which the United States will increase to 155.1 billion US dollars, Europe will increase to 25.9 billion US dollars, the Asia-Pacific region will increase to 30.6 billion US dollars.
Although the estimates made by different agencies on the amount of e-commerce transactions on the Internet have deviated, they are consistent in point, which indicates that e-commerce is growing rapidly, and that the United States e-commerce transactions are not only in global e-commerce It has an absolute share and is also growing rapidly.
In addition, the good Internet infrastructure in the United States and the absolute share of the total number of Internet users in the world not only make it an absolute share of the total global e-commerce transactions, but also make American companies and consumers adopt e-commerce for business. Stronger will. By 2000, the proportion of US companies selling goods via the Internet will increase from 24 in 1998 to 56. In 1998, 47 households in the United States have already made online purchases, while only 7 in Australia use the Internet to make purchases, and only Western Europe have Internet users Make online shopping.
Internet-based e-commerce also allows companies to increase customer service. For example, 30, 1 company of metal industry consumer goods manufacturing company, recently opened an e-commerce website, used to provide convenient and safe way for more than 10,000 small American metal companies to choose to purchase more than 50,000 pieces of metal technology of 13 product. On this new site, these small businesses can get Internet-based e-commerce that only 13 large customers used to enjoy. Not only does it simply provide people with alternative shopping outlets relative to real stores, they can also expand existing markets and even Cultivate new markets. For example, MuSiCfile can provide a clean place for music collection and retailers to promote their out-of-print 1 and 00 records and buyers to meet their needs. Such sites are like countless old records and 00 stores at your fingertips.
In summary, with the rapid development of the Internet, Internet-based e-commerce has grown rapidly. It is changing the way we live, work and learn, is changing the business operation model, and is making business operations more flexible. It provides new development opportunities for creative enterprises and individuals. As long as they have creative talents and technical content products, SMEs and even individuals can compare themselves with companies that are much stronger than themselves in the international market.
3 Some questions about the development of e-commerce in China 3.1 Network bandwidth question At present, the Internet bandwidth in the United States generally reaches several tens of trillions, and some has reached hundreds of megabytes or even thousands of megabytes. Scientific research network China Science and Technology Network China Golden Bridge Network and China Public Information Network bandwidth is only a few megabytes, the fastest is only a few tens of megabytes, and there is a bottleneck in the interconnection between major backbone networks, mutual visits between different networks are not as fast as foreign networks This not only makes the information resources constructed by China's large network cannot be fully utilized by Chinese netizens, but also greatly affects the increase in the number of netizens in China. The degree of e-commerce development in each country is directly related to the degree of network bandwidth and the number of people on the network. In our country, the network bandwidth is not wide enough to allow our online companies to communicate multimedia information with netizens, and the number of netizens is not enough so that the potential users that our online companies can play are very limited, which directly affects China's e-commerce. Development process.
We believe that at this stage, our government should increase investment in Internet infrastructure construction. E-commerce is the engine of economic growth in the 21st century. If China can build a fast Internet, we can remove an obstacle in the development of e-commerce. In the construction of Internet infrastructure, like building roads and railways, the government should be the mainstay. Everyone is gathering firewood. With the limited funds in the hands of the Chinese government, if they can mobilize various agencies and individuals to invest in Internet infrastructure construction under the unified management of the government, it will inevitably accelerate the speed of China's Internet infrastructure construction.
3.2 Questions about network laws and regulations The question of network security is also an important factor restricting the development of e-commerce. Conducting business activities on the Internet will inevitably involve a series of questions such as trade secret network payment personal privacy. At present, there are two main ways to solve these problems, which are to adopt various technologies such as firewall filtering, to solve them technically, and to ensure network security by technical means; the other way is to formulate some network regulations by the country in order to comply with The law regulates people's behavior to ensure the security of the network. However, to solve the problem of network security from a technical point of view, we can only exclude those with low computer skills. For those with high computer skills, we cannot keep them out of the security gate. However, legal means can not only restrain low-level computer personnel, but also play a similar role in restricting the level of computer personnel. In dealing with network security issues, if we can take technical measures and supplement them with effective legal measures, we can certainly ensure the security of the network and the security of e-commerce activities.
Since network laws and regulations also play an important role in safeguarding network security and ensuring the safety of e-commerce activities, we should improve the network laws and regulations that have been formulated in China on the basis of drawing on the experience of foreign countries to solve the problems that e-commerce activities may encounter. Question, so that China's e-commerce activities can have a legal basis.
3.3 Policy support Asking whether Quanzhou's policies support the development of an industry is crucial to the development of this industry, and it is directly related to the prosperity of this industry. Although e-commerce is a new thing and has a strong vitality, its prosperity and development cannot be separated from the support of the country's policies. The United States, Canada and Japan have realized that e-commerce will be the engine of economic growth in the 21st century. A series of policies were issued to seize the control of economic growth in the 21st century. At this time, if our country cannot seize the opportunity, the gap between our country and these countries will widen. Therefore, it is very important for China to issue timely policies that are conducive to promoting the development of e-commerce.
What we are referring to is that the state should give policy support to the development of e-commerce. It does not mean that the state should award a lot of money to companies that first launch e-commerce plans or implement e-commerce programs in exchange for companies to accelerate the implementation of their e-commerce. The pace of business strategy; it does not mean that the state should invest and the state should organize and help enterprises implement the e-commerce program of the enterprise; it means that the state should give preferential treatment to network-based e-commerce transactions from taxes and other aspects to mobilize enterprises The enthusiasm for implementing e-commerce programs.
3.4 Questions about Internet usage fees According to the US Department of Commerce, it is obvious that privacy concerns are an important factor restricting the growth of the number of Internet users, but the cost of using the Internet is a more important factor restricting the increase in the number of Internet users. Compared with the income of our nationals, excessive network costs and the speed of network operation are the two major bottlenecks that restrict the development of China's network. Take the China Education and Research Network for example, it is calculated according to the character flow, and the cost per byte is 0.0025 yuan, which initially seems to be not very expensive. However, let us calculate the account and then determine whether it is expensive. We know that the smallest radiant image is also tens of feet or even hundreds of feet. We will count it as 100 feet, which will cost about 25 yuan. Obviously, this cost is relatively high compared with the income of the working class in China. Although the Internet has developed rapidly in China in recent years, and the number of Internet users can double in about half a year, the average Internet time of Internet users in China is still significantly lower due to excessive Internet access costs. In addition, these netizens either access the Internet at work, or the number of people in the income class, family Internet and low-income groups is obviously low = of course, excessive network fees and low-income groups have a low proportion of Internet users Even in some developed countries such as the United States, there are similar concerns. The US Department of Commerce submitted a report to the US government in 1995, 1997 and 1999, and was held and held by the US Department of Commerce on December 9, 1999. A forum aimed at solving the problem of low Internet access costs and low Internet access for low- and middle-income groups, to promote the absolute share of total e-commerce e-commerce transactions, relatively low Internet access costs, and significantly higher user fees In countries where the number of Internet users is relatively small, we have no reason not to look at and solve the problem of partial network usage fees.
We believe that there are two unreasonable current network usage fees in China because the usage fees of all networks are obviously biased; different network charging standards do not apply. As for the first question, I have already mentioned it before, so I will not repeat it here. Regarding network charging standards, there are currently two standards, one is based on character traffic and the other is based on usage time. China Education and Research Network is a public welfare network, and the cost is calculated based on the international flow of characters. Let's calculate the accounts again. The speed of China Education and Research Network fluctuates from tens of bytes to thousands of bytes per second. We assume that the speed is 20 bytes per second and 75 messages per hour can be transmitted. Then press The existing charging standard costs 1.8 yuan if using dingers; if the speed of stewing ding in the middle of the night can reach thousands of bytes per second, if it is calculated at 1 byte per second, it can transmit 3.6 trillion per hour For byte information, it costs 9 yuan. In general, using China's public welfare network is not cost-effective than commercial network, and the high cost of network use makes most teachers and researchers unable to use the network. As we all know, the key to the era of knowledge economy is talent, and the key is knowledge innovation, and the scientific research institutes of educational institutions in China are the training ground for talents and an important frontier for national knowledge innovation. The most advanced technological means for academic exchanges of foreign scientific and technological achievements ca n’t be used on the Internet. How can we talk about cultivating outstanding talents and shoulder the important task of national knowledge innovation? It may be possible to use the Internet for shopping, so we believe that in order to enable our country to enter the 21st century, it can also enter the era of high technology and e-commerce, we must reduce the cost of Internet use, especially to greatly reduce the charges of public welfare networks standard.
4 Conclusion E-commerce is the engine of economic growth in the 21st century, and the development of e-commerce has received widespread attention from countries around the world. But because e-commerce is a new thing, people know very little about it. Therefore, it is also our purpose to introduce the basic knowledge of e-commerce and provide some suggestions for China to formulate e-commerce policies. However, the more important objectives and functional departments writing this article attach importance to the development of e-commerce, and take early measures to speed up the development of e-commerce in China, so that China can also move towards the era of e-commerce while moving towards the 21st century.
2 Zhu Hongwen, etc. Electronic data exchange 01 technology. Beijing Science Press, 1994, 3 US, 8 works, translated by Chen Shuhui, etc. Electronic commerce. Beijing Tsinghua University out of 4 Yao Lixin. E-commerce perspective. Beijing Economic Management Press, 1999 5 Heather style. The development of electronic data exchange in the United States. Global science and technology economy lookout, 6 Puhongjiang. 01 past present and future. Global Science and Technology Economic Outlook, 1998; 01 The development of technology in Italy. Global technology and economic understanding, Yi Yu is due to Yu Yu, reading Goose Going Ding gt; Part 44, Yu, Yu is broken to be divided by, is broken by to the rule of development on page 30 There is an inevitable connection between them, that is, the law of document growth reflects the law of discipline development, and the law of discipline development reflects the influence of the law of economic growth on it.
However, the development of economics and economic sciences is a complex question that is constrained by many factors. Using quantitative analysis methods of economic literature to explore its development laws is only an attempt, and many questions need to be studied and discussed in depth. For example, whether the difference between the growth curve and the relative value index curve of economic growth in the valley bottom and peak top is slightly advanced or lagging behind in theoretical research.
In the low point of economic development, whether literature growth is necessarily in a low state; from qualitative analysis to quantitative analysis of the relationship between literature growth and economic growth.
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