An integrated circuit is a miniature electronic device or component. A certain process is used to interconnect the transistors, resistors, capacitors, inductors and other components and wiring required in a circuit, fabricate on a small or several small semiconductor wafers or dielectric substrates, and then package them in a package , It has become a micro structure with the required circuit functions; all of the components have been structured as a whole, making electronic components a big step towards micro miniaturization, low power consumption, intelligence and high reliability. It is represented by the letter "IC" in the circuit. The inventors of integrated circuits are Jack Kilby (germanium-based integrated circuits) and Robert Noyth (silicon-based integrated circuits). Most applications in the semiconductor industry today are silicon-based integrated circuits.
There are many types of integrated circuits, and there are many classification methods. Here are several main classification methods:
1. According to the functions embodied by integrated circuits, it can be divided into four categories: analog integrated circuits, digital integrated circuits, interface circuits and special circuits.
2. According to the different types of active devices, integrated circuits can be divided into three types: bipolar, unipolar, and bipolar-unipolar hybrid. Diodes and triodes are mainly used inside bipolar integrated circuits. MOS field effect transistors are mainly used inside unipolar integrated circuits. The bipolar-unipolar hybrid integrated circuit is made internally by MOS and bipolar compatible processes, so it has the advantages of both.
3. According to the degree of integration of integrated circuits, it can be divided into small-scale integrated circuits (SSI), medium-scale integrated circuits (MSI), large-scale integrated circuits (LSI) and very large-scale integrated circuits (VLSI).
Integrated circuit developmentCircuit technology is the most basic part of integrated circuit technology, mainly involving diffusion technology, oxidation technology, photolithography corrosion technology, and thin film regeneration technology. At the end of the 1960s, microelectronics researchers fully studied the electrical properties of the silicon dioxide system, and completed the theoretical reserve for the study of interface physics. Then the scientists successfully controlled the sodium ion contamination and used high-purity materials. The production of MOS integrated circuits is realized. Due to the advantages of MOS circuits, such as easy control in process, low power consumption, high integration, and strong tailorability, most of the integrated circuits in the current semiconductor industry use MOS or CMOS structures. .
The key technology of plate-making technology is photolithography. Photolithography was first used in photography. It was applied to semiconductor technology in the late 1950s. Fairchild cleverly used photolithography to realize the pattern of integrated circuits. structure. When devices manufactured using photolithography technology are connected to each other, manual welding technology can be used instead of manual welding technology, but vacuum metal evaporation technology is used to realize circuit drawing using photolithography technology. In recent years, with the development of photolithography technology, the processing accuracy of photolithography technology has reached the order of ultra-deep submicron.
Circuit design. In 1971, the invention of Intel’s first microprocessor was one of the greatest contributions of integrated circuit technology to mankind. The invention of the microprocessor opened up a new era in the computer era. The invention of the microprocessor has led to the development of CMOS-based VLSI systems, and also led to the rapid development of intelligent electronic products. It is the basic original and physical carrier of information technology. In recent years, with the development of integrated circuit technology, scientists have applied quantum tunneling effect technology to the field of integrated circuits, which has promoted the progress of an information society.
Process materials. With the continuous development of materials science, many new material technologies and new material technologies have been continuously applied to the field of integrated circuits. Ferroelectric memory and magnetoresistive random access memory are representative of them. The current development of integrated circuit technology highlights some new features, which are mainly manifested in the development from one-dimensional to multi-dimensional, and higher requirements are put forward to material technology, microelectronics technology, device technology, and physical technology. The development of integrated circuits is also due to It encounters bottlenecks in this way, the limitations of physical laws, the limitations of materials science, and the limitations of technical methods. However, at the same time, materials such as SiC, GaN, and AIN with wide bandgap have high breakdown voltage, high forbidden band value, and good radiation resistance. They should be widely used. The manufactured devices are in high-frequency working conditions, high-temperature conditions, and Excellent performance under high power state is the development direction of integrated circuits.
On Grid
Hangzhou Saintish Technology Co.,Ltd. , https://www.saintishtech.com