This molecular engine is 1 nanometer high and 2 nanometers wide. The rotor contains five iron spokes, one of which is shorter than the others, and is easily noticeable when rotating. This molecular engine uses a quantum mechanical process called the inelastic electron tunneling effect. In this process, the electrons that are incident on the molecule lose part of their energy during the transfer process, and the resulting vibration will rotate the rotor. And their rotors can rotate even at minus 316 degrees Fahrenheit. A scanning tunnel microscope hovered above the molecular engine to test its performance by stimulating different parts of the molecular engine.
The researchers found that they were able to control its rotation by focusing energy on different parts of the micro-engine. For example, targeting each longer spoke will cause a counterclockwise rotation, while using the shorter spoke will cause a clockwise rotation. Joachim said: "This engine is a molecular concept, and its goal is to improve our understanding of single-molecule rotation drive." Researchers are now focused on achieving two goals: First, connect this engine to the nano level The other gear is to install it on a nano-scale molecular car to provide energy for it.
During the mid 1970s, researchers developed a maintenance-free lead-acid battery that can operate in any position. The liquid electrolyte is gelled into moistened separators and the enclosure is sealed. Safety valves allow venting during charge, discharge and atmospheric pressure changes.
Driven by different market needs, two lead-acid systems emerged: The small sealed lead-acid (SLA), also known under the brand name of Gelcell, and the larger Valve-regulated-lead-acid (VRLA). Both batteries are similar. Engineers may argue that the word 'sealed lead-acid' is a misnomer because no rechargeable battery can be totally sealed.
Unlike the flooded lead-acid battery, both SLA and VRLA are designed with a low over-voltage potential to prohibit the battery from reaching its gas-generating potential during charge because excess charging would cause gassing and water depletion. Consequently, these batteries can never be charged to their full potential. To reduce dry-out, sealed lead-acid batteries use lead-calcium instead of the lead-antimony.
The optimum operating temperature for the lead-acid battery is 25°C (77°F). Elevated temperature reduces longevity. As a guideline, every 8°C (15°F) rise in temperature cuts the battery life in half. A VRLA, which would last for 10 years at 25°C (77°F), would only be good for 5 years if operated at 33°C (92°F). The same battery would desist after 2½ years if kept at a constant desert temperature of 41°C (106°F).
The sealed lead-acid battery is rated at a 5-hour (0.2) and 20-hour (0.05C) discharge. Longer discharge times produce higher capacity readings because of lower losses. The lead-acid performs well on high load currents.
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