In lithium-ion batteries, cathode materials are often the bottleneck affecting battery energy density due to differences in positive and negative electrode capacities. Therefore, there are more or less differences in the characteristics between lithium ion batteries using different positive electrode materials. There are four common cathode materials, namely lithium cobalt oxide and lithium nickelate; lithium manganate with spinel structure; lithium iron phosphate with olivine structure; ternary material. So what exactly is a ternary material? As the name suggests, the ternary material is a composite electrode material in which three electrode materials are co-fused. Theoretically, it has the characteristics and advantages of each electrode material. Currently, NCA and NCM are the most common.
Recently, BYD said that the company's future plug-in hybrid vehicles will try to use ternary batteries. Previously, BYD has always favored lithium iron phosphate batteries. As a leading company in materials and new energy vehicles, why has it suddenly changed its attitude? NCM is currently the most mainstream ternary material and is considered to be the future development trend. NCM refers to a nickel-cobalt-manganese ternary material. Different electrode characteristics were obtained by blending the ratios of nickel, cobalt and manganese.
At present, the domestic route is still dominated by lithium iron phosphate. Lithium iron phosphate has good cycle stability and low cost. Its theoretical energy density is about 160Wh/kg, which almost reaches the ceiling of energy density. For example, after doping one or more ions, a higher capacity is obtained, and the specific capacitance of 1 C discharge exceeds 120 mAh/g. However, it should be noted that increasing the specific energy does not necessarily increase the energy density of the battery, and the stability, safety, material cost, and complexity of the processing technology are still to be solved. Therefore, these exciting laboratory data, there is still a long way to go to become a product parameter.
The congenital deficiency of lithium iron silicate makes more companies pay attention to ternary materials. Most manufacturers of lithium iron phosphate have begun to pay attention to the development of ternary materials. Some of them (such as Tianjin Lishen, AVIC Lithium) have begun mass production of ternary material lithium batteries.
The difference between ternary materials and phosphoric acid materials.
In terms of material properties alone, ternary materials have great advantages, especially specific capacity and compaction density. The theoretical maximum value of lithium iron phosphate molar capacity 170, 155 is basically the upper limit of lithium iron phosphate. At present, the only technical breakthrough is the compaction density. There is no substantial progress.
The gap in the standard voltage is even more "physiological" and the short board cannot be changed. Comparison of ternary and lithium iron phosphate 18650 batteries (compared with the batteries of some top ten companies)
From the chart:
The basic capacity of the ternary cell is about 2200mAh, the LFP cell is 1500mAh, which is 45% higher than the LFP cell. Basically, on the 18650 battery, the LFP cell has no advantage. The number of LFP cell cycles is three times that of the ternary cell. As far as we know, the number of ternary battery cycles can be 800-1000.
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